Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

If several conductors are running in parallel, and it is not possible to connect a transmitter, each line may be located separately. Proceed as follows:

1. Perform a sweep of the area to find the position and number of conductors in the area.
2. Map the direction in which the conductors are going.

To trace the lines:

1. Switch on the transmitter.
2. Select a frequency on the transmitter and set the same matching frequency on the locator.
3. Place the transmitter on its side and in line with a conductor.
4. Ensure the conductor is directly below the transmitter.
5. This will ‘null out’ the signal directly below the transmitter, placing no signal on that conductor, and enable the other conductors to be located.
6. Locate each conductor and mark its position.
7. Move the transmitter down the route and continue locating and marking.
8. Trace each conductor out of the search area until the target can be accurately located.

Unwanted coupling of the signal from the target line to another nearby line is one of the most common location problems. It leads either to an error in the marked position and depth of the target line or to marking the wrong line. A certain degree of coupling is unavoidable in many situations but there are ways in which a careful user can reduce coupling and increase location reliability.

• Avoid applying the signal by induction. The signal may be coupling to more than one line directly from the transmitter. Use the signal clamp where possible.
• Identify points where lines may be bonded or in close proximity to each other. Work toward these points rather than away from them. For example, if gas and water pipes are bonded within a building, apply the signal at the valves or access points in the road rather than in the building.
• Reduce coupling to a parallel line by using a low signal frequency where available.
• Return signal flowing on another line. Use a double-ended connection to by-pass the ground return if possible. 
• Choose a signal application point where the line is furthest from other lines and not in a congested area. 
• When using single-ended connection, site the ground stake as far from the target line as possible and away from other buried lines. 
• Avoid using existing structures for ground connections; other buried lines may be bonded to them. 
• A bad ground connection or just laying the ground lead on the surface at right angles to the line may result in less coupling than a good ground provided long distance tracing is not required.

This accessory is used to easily apply a transmitter signal to a street distribution cable using a standard mains socket. It is available with a UK, US or EU style mains plug. Qualified for use to CAT II 250V.

Part No: 10/Tx-LPC-V2-XX (XX = EU, UK, US)

The Live Plug Connector applies the TX Transmitter signal to a live domestic power socket and, via the domestic wiring system, to the service and supply cable in the street.

Connect the Live Cable Connector to the TX transmitter accessory socket and the mains power socket, then switch the transmitter and the power socket on.

NOTE: The Live Plug Connector provides protection to 250V AC.

WARNING!: Do not use Direct Connect leads to connect to live cables. Use the Radiodetection Transmitter Live Plug Connector or Live Cable Connector. Failure to do so may result in injury or equipment damage.

WARNING!: Connection to live power cables should only be undertaken by qualified personnel.

WARNING! Failure to comply with safety warnings can cause serious injury or death.

CAUTION! Failure to comply with safety cautions can result in damage to equipment or property.

WARNING! Direct connection to live conductors is POTENTIALLY LETHAL. Direct connections to live conductors should be attempted by fully qualified personnel only using the relevant products that allow connections to energized lines.

WARNING! The transmitter is capable of outputting potentially lethal voltages. Take care when applying signals to any pipe or cable and be sure to notify other technicians who may be working on the line.

WARNING! Ensure the TX transmitter is switched OFF before making a connection and before disconnection of the direct connection lead to a service.

WARNING! This equipment is NOT approved for use in areas where hazardous gases may be present.

WARNING! Before removing the transmitter battery pack, switch off the unit and disconnect all cables.

On both the CD / CM clamp and the CD stethoscope there is an arrow that indicates which way the clamp or stethoscope is facing in relation to the transmitter. If the arrow is pointing away from the transmitter when the CD reset is performed the locator display shows 000 and the bar graph reads 100%. If the arrow is pointing towards the transmitter, the locator display shows 111 and there is no bar graph reading.

When using either of these accessories it is important to reset the CD at a known point, near the transmitter, before making any identification measurements.

RD Manager™ Online is a Radiodetection program for Microsoft® Windows® and is compatible with RD7200, RD8200, RD8200e, RD8200G, RD8200SG precision locators and MRX, MRXG and MRXSG precision marker locators.

NOTE: RD Manager Online does not support any other precision locator.

Once installed onto your PC or laptop, RD Manager Online can be used to:

• Register your products to extend your locator or transmitter warranty to a total of 3 years.
• Update the software of your locators.
• Update the locator’s configuration settings.
• Setup custom frequencies. **
• Enable or Disable StrikeAlert™.
• Perform an eCert™ calibration and print a Radiodetection Calibration Certificate.
• Retrieve the latest factory calibration data to print a copy of the latest Radiodetection  Calibration Certificate.
• Set the Calibration Due date (CALSafe™).**
• Export usage logs to CSV. (RD8200G/SG/ MRXG and MRX SG models only)*
• Export survey measurement data*
• Export KML survey data for interface to GIS/Mapping systems.**

* Does not require registration or an active internet connection.

** Compatible models only. 

Microsoft Windows 10 Onwards

A live Internet connection is required to take advantage of some RD Manager Online features.

A spare USB port and a USB type C cable are required to connect the locator to the PC.

Administrator privileges are required to install RD Manager Online.

NOTE: To ensure a reliable connection use a 1m, or shorter, USB 2.0 High Speed compliant cable from a reputable manufacturer. Such cables are generally marked or specified as 28AWG/1P + 24AWG/2C or 28AWG/1PR + 24AWG/2C.

If you have a problem in getting your PC to recognise your locator:

• Disconnect all other USB powered devices attached to your PC
• Try another USB port on your PC
• Try a different USB lead

When using the C.A.T Manager mobile app on Android devices for the first time or after re installing the app, certain permissions will need to be accepted before being able to use the app.

Please follow the steps below:

Open the app and Sign in

NOTE: You will need to have created a C.A.T Manager account on the Radiodetection portal and be enabled to use the app before being able to sign in

Select Save as 'Default' for Standard account or populate Account and Contract if you have a Pro account.

You will now be presented with the screen below

• Select NOTIFICATIONS and select 'Allow'
• Select LOCATION and select 'While using the app'
• Select BACKGROUND - then Permissions, followed by Location.  Now select 'Allow all the time'

Press the 'back' button 3 times to get back to the C.A.T Manager Permissions page

• Select BLUETOOTH and select 'Allow'

With all the permissions completed, you will now be able to use the C.A.T Manager app.

The Flexitrace is a traceable plastic covered fiberglass rod incorporating wire conductors and is used for locating small diameter, non-metallic pipes to a depth of 3 meters. The Flexitrace can be inserted into a pipe or duct as small as 9 mm / 3/8” internal diameter, and with a minimum bend radius of 250mm. Batteries are not required, as the FlexiTrace is powered by any Radiodetection transmitter.

The FlexiTrace has a maximum power rating of 1W. When using the FlexiTrace with a Radiodetection Tx-5 or Tx-10 transmitter the output limit must be set to 1W in the MAX P menu and the output voltage limit set to LOW in the MAX V menu.

WARNING! Failure to follow the Tx-5 or Tx-10 instructions above may result in the tip of the FlexiTrace becoming too hot to touch, resulting in risk of personal injury and damage to the equipment.

The FlexiTrace can be used in two modes: Sonde mode or Line mode. In sonde mode only the tip of the FlexiTrace is energized whilst in line mode its whole length is energized.

To use as a sonde, connect both transmitter leads to the FlexiTrace stud terminals. As the FlexiTrace terminals are not color coded it does not matter to which terminals the leads are connected. To use the FlexiTrace in line mode, connect the red transmitter lead to one of the FlexiTrace terminals and connect the black transmitter lead to a suitable ground connection

RD Map+ and the Trimble Catalyst DA2 GNSS receiver add accurate position measurement to your precision locator surveys to create high accuracy maps of buried utilities whilst locating.

Note You must have set up RD Map+ and your locator before starting setting up your Trimble catalyst. This guide also assume that you are familiar on how RD Map+ works.

Follow the steps below for a trouble-free set up of RD Map+ and the Catalyst Da2 and to ensure you get the best from your operations.

Step 1 - Set up your Trimble Catalyst DA2 and Locator mount kit

Step 2 - Set up RD Map+ to use the Trimble Catalyst

Step 3 - Ensure you have a valid Catalyst subscription

Step 4 - Install and configure Trimble Mobile Manager App

You are now ready of creating high accurate position measurements to your surveys to create or maintain accurate utility maps.

If you have access to Catalyst On Demand hours you can use them to access high accuracy position measurements from your DA2.

Follow the steps below

If you have a valid annual Catalyst subscription and if you have followed the system setup steps above you are ready to use RD Map+ and your Catalyst DA2.

Follow the steps below

C.A.T Manager Online - Mobile app is part the C.A.T Manager Online systems, allowing Radiodetection’s gC.A.T4 users to transmit automatically their locate data to the C.A.T Manager server to be analysed and stored.

Click here to download the latest version of the Operation Manual

Note: That this manual and all its contents are subject to change. Radiodetection products are under continuous development. Radiodetection Ltd reserves the right to modify the product without notice and some product changes may have taken place after this user manual was published.

This document may not be copied, reproduced, transmitted, modified or used, in whole or in part, without the prior written consent of Radiodetection Ltd.

Contact your local Radiodetection office or dealer, or visit www.radiodetection.com for the latest products and service information.

When you trace a signal on very long target lines, the transmitter signal gradually bleeds into the ground by capacitance. This means the phase angle of the remaining signal gradually changes. A CD Reset can be used to re-establish correct CD operation. 

To perform a CD reset, press and hold the key.

This is referred to as phase-shift and can occur whenever an alternating current signal is flowing in a system of conductors that have a significant capacitance or inductance. The relative phase angle between the two frequencies will alter, but only over extended distances.

The illustration above 'CD Reset' represents a buried line with significant capacitance to ground. It illustrates the gradual phase-shift that occurs along the line. The diagram shows a reference point on each waveform. At first, the reference point occurs right on the Peak of a positive half cycle (A). It gradually moves towards the zero crossing point (D) and ends up on the Peak of a negative half cycle (F). The direction has shifted from forwards to backwards. At the intermediate point (D) the current flow cannot be determined. At this point the CD arrows on the RD8200SG locator will flash on and off. In the example shown in the illustration, by returning to (C) which is the last point at which a CD reading was achieved, and performing a CD reset, the response at (C) will be equivalent to that of (A).

In most cases the phase angle shift does not occur until many kilometers from the transmitter and in some cases a CD reset may only be required every 20 kilometers (15 miles).

You should perform a CD reset every time you select a CD frequency. CD reset can only be performed when in CD mode.

To perform a CD reset:

While using any CD frequency,

1. Press and hold the key.

Alternatively

1. Press the key to enter the menu.
2. Scroll to the CDR menu using the or keys.
3. Press the key to enter the CDR menu.
4. Select YES.
5. Press the key to reset CD and exit to the main menu.

Sometimes it is possible for some utilities to be masked by other utilities and this can happen when one or more utilities are in close proximity to each other or when stronger signals may radiate.  In certain applications and congested areas the ‘Nulling’ technique allows operators to eliminate the induction signal directly beneath the transmitter but at the same time induces the transmitter signal onto other nearby utilities that previously have not been able to be located

Two persons Nulling Out technique:

1. Place the transmitter close to the services you wish to trace (a parallel sweep may be used for this) and using the locator at a distance of approximately 10m/30’ from the transmitter, pinpoint the strongest signal.
2. The sensitivity on the locator is adjusted so that the bar graph response is approximately 75%.
3. Release the side support arm.
4. With the locator over the centre of the signal the second operator should hold the transmitter at waist level, with the transmitter on its side – release support arm pointing down.
5. The transmitter is then moved from side to side to find the ‘Null’ spot between two detectable signals; the transmitter should then be lowered towards the ground keeping it in the ‘Null’ spot.
6. At ground level we are ideally looking for a ‘Null’ no wider than 50mm/2” (Sensitivity on the locator may need to be adjusted to achieve this).
7. With the transmitter left on the ground in the ‘Null’ spot. The locator is used to check for additional  signals either side of the ‘Nulled’ signal.
8. Should the ground be uneven the transmitter may be turned across the line of the service provided the release support arm remains facing downwards. (this will improve the stability of the unit).

One person Nulling Out technique

1. Lay the transmitter on its side using the side support arm.
2. Sweep the area around the transmitter with the receiver at least 10m/30’ from it.
3. Reposition the transmitter at 5m/15’ intervals around the area and repeat step 2
4. Stop when there is a response.
5. Pinpoint and mark any lines.
6. Trace the lines out of the area.

To pair to a transmitter you require a Bluetooth enabled model such as the Tx-5B or Tx-10B. 

Before you begin, try to switch off all nearby Bluetooth equipment as they may interfere with the locator and transmitter's pairing process.

On the locator:

• Press thekey to enter the menu.
• Scroll to the ILOC menu using the or  keys.
• Press thekey to enter the ILOC menu.
• Scroll to the PAIR option.

On the transmitter:

• Press the key to enter the menu.
• Scroll to the ILOC menu using the or  keys.
• Press the key to enter the ILOC menu.
• Scroll to the PAIR option

Starting the pairing process:

• Press the  key on the transmitter followed by the  key on the locator.

NOTE: You should press these keys within a 30 second window otherwise the connection may time out

• The transmitter and the locator will now attempt to pair

When pairing is in progress, the transmitter and locator will display a flashing Bluetooth icon. Pairing can take up to a minute. If the pairing process is successful, the transmitter will display the icon and the locator will display a persistent Bluetooth icon for the duration of the connection.

If pairing fails, ensure that any nearby Bluetooth devices are switched off or invisible then repeat the process.

NOTE: Once the locator and transmitter have successfully paired, the transmitter should be power cycled to complete the process. You can then use iLOC to remotely change the transmitter’s output frequency and power levels from the locator. 

An inductive search procedure is a more certain technique for locating unknown lines. This type of search requires a transmitter and locator and two people. This type of search is referred to as a ‘two person sweep’. Before starting the sweep, define the area of search and the probable direction of lines crossing the area. Ensure the transmitter is switched on in induction mode.

The first person operates the transmitter and the second person operates the locator. The transmitter induces a signal onto lines as it passes over them and the lines are then detected with the locator at a suitable distance away from the transmitter (around 15 meters / 50 feet – although this will depend upon the level of induction power used.)

Hold the transmitter with its length aligned with the assumed direction of any lines.

The second person holds the locator at the start of the area to be searched and with the locator antennas at right angles to the probable direction of the buried lines. Set the locator sensitivity level as high as possible without the locator picking up any airborne signals directly from the transmitter.

When the transmitter and locator are in line both operators start to move forward in parallel. The operator with the locator sweeps it backwards and forwards, keeping the locator vertical, as they proceed in parallel with the transmitter. This method allows for misalignment of the transmitter, locator and buried line.

The transmitter applies the strongest signal to the lines directly below it, which are then located with the locator. Move the transmitter from side to side to establish the highest signal which indicates that the transmitter is also directly above the line(s).

Mark the ground at the point of each Peak signal detected with the locator. Repeat the search along any other possible paths of lines. Once the positions of any lines have been marked, reverse positions, place the transmitter over and along each line in turn, and trace the line out of the search area.

MRX SG Marker locator is capable of recording up to 10000 survey measurement records to internal memory. When a measurement is taken and saved, the MRX SG Marker locator will store the most relevant measurements taken and information, such as:

• Log number
• Current
• Gain
• Depth
• Signal
• Phase
• Frequency
• Marker type
• GPS location

These measurements, taken at specific points indicated by you, can be used to report and map all your findings.

If the MRX SG Marker locator is paired to an Android or iOS device running a compatible application such as PointMan the locator will append position and time information to the data.

NOTE: The internal GNSS module needs to be switched on and connected to the GPS satellite system.

If several conductors are running in parallel, and it is not possible to connect a transmitter, each line may be located separately. Proceed as follows:

1. Perform a sweep of the area to find the position and number of conductors in the area.
2. Map the direction in which the conductors are going.

To trace the lines:

1. Switch on the transmitter.
2. Select a frequency on the transmitter and set the same matching frequency on the locator.
3. Place the transmitter on its side and in line with a conductor.
4. Ensure the conductor is directly below the transmitter.
5. This will ‘null out’ the signal directly below the transmitter, placing no signal on that conductor, and enable the other conductors to be located.
6. Locate each conductor and mark its position.
7. Move the transmitter down the route and continue locating and marking.
8. Trace each conductor out of the search area until the target can be accurately located.

Unwanted coupling of the signal from the target line to another nearby line is one of the most common location problems. It leads either to an error in the marked position and depth of the target line or to marking the wrong line. A certain degree of coupling is unavoidable in many situations but there are ways in which a careful user can reduce coupling and increase location reliability.

• Avoid applying the signal by induction. The signal may be coupling to more than one line directly from the transmitter. Use the signal clamp where possible.
• Identify points where lines may be bonded or in close proximity to each other. Work toward these points rather than away from them. For example, if gas and water pipes are bonded within a building, apply the signal at the valves or access points in the road rather than in the building.
• Reduce coupling to a parallel line by using a low signal frequency where available.
• Return signal flowing on another line. Use a double-ended connection to by-pass the ground return if possible. 
• Choose a signal application point where the line is furthest from other lines and not in a congested area. 
• When using single-ended connection, site the ground stake as far from the target line as possible and away from other buried lines. 
• Avoid using existing structures for ground connections; other buried lines may be bonded to them. 
• A bad ground connection or just laying the ground lead on the surface at right angles to the line may result in less coupling than a good ground provided long distance tracing is not required.

A sonde is a self-contained battery operated transmitter used for tracing the paths of pipes, ducts, sewers and drains and in the precise location of blockages or collapses. The sonde can be fitted to a flexible rod for insertion or pushing through pipes etc. and the smaller diameter sondes can be used in conjunction with jetting machines and blown through the duct. A suitable Radiodetection locator can then be used to locate the sonde.

Radiodetection offers a wide range of sonde to suit most applications: From the ¼” / 6 mm diameter S6 33kHz microsonde which, with a range of 6.6” / 2m, targets fiber-optic micro ducting or other small non-conductive pipes, to the 33kHz Super Sonde, which with a depth range of 50 feet / 15m targets deep sewer pipes.

Consult the precision locate accessory range brochure or web page on www.radiodetection.com for a full list of all available sondes and their technical specifications.

Check that the sonde has sufficient range for the application and is dimensionally small enough and sufficiently robust for the application. Ensure that the frequency of the sonde corresponds with the locator frequency; the locator will not locate the sonde unless the frequencies are the same. Sondes are marked with their transmitting frequency. Ensure that the means of propelling the sonde is available together with the correct fittings and couplings.

Insert a new battery into the sonde. A new battery or a freshly recharged battery should be used at the beginning of each day and preferably at the start of each new job.

Before inserting the sonde, check that the sonde and locator are at the same frequency and working correctly. To do this, place the sonde on the ground at a distance from the locator that is equal to the rated depth of the sonde. Point the locator at the sonde with the antenna in line with the sonde (the opposite of using the locator to locate a line) and check that the bargraph reading exceeds 50% at maximum sensitivity.

Sondes have a thread at one end for connecting to drain rods, or to other devices for inserting and propelling the sonde along a drain or duct. Sondes may be floated along drains at the end of a tether and floats are available for fitting to the sewer sonde and super sonde. Sondes can be strapped to high-pressure water jets or similar devices used for cleaning, maintaining and inspecting drains. Sondes used in underground drilling and boring operations are normally housed in the boring or drill head behind the boring or drill bit.

Insert the sonde in the drain or duct access and locate it while it is still just in view at the drain or duct entrance. Hold the locator vertical directly over the sonde with the antenna in line with the sonde. Adjust the locator sensitivity so the bar graph reads between 60% and 80%.

The sonde radiates a Peak field from the center of its axis with a ghost signal at each end of the Peak. Move the locator a little way behind and then in front of the axis of the sonde to detect the ghost signals. Finding the two ghost signals positively confirms the locate. Reduce the locator sensitivity to lose the ghost signals but still indicate a clear Peak response directly over the sonde. Locator sensitivity is now set for tracing the duct or drain unless the distance between sonde and locator changes.

Propel the sonde three paces along the drain or duct and stop. Place the locator over the supposed position of the sonde. Do not adjust the sensitivity level.

To locate a sonde:

1. Move the locator backwards and forwards and stop when the bar graph indicates a Peak. You can use the LCD compass to orient the blade of the locator with the direction of the sonde.
2. Rotate the locator as if the blade is a pivot. Stop when the bar graph indicates a Peak. 
3. Move the locator from side to side until the bar graph indicates a Peak. 
4. Repeat 1, 2 and 3 with the antenna vertical and resting on or just above the ground. The locator should then be directly above the sonde with the antenna in line with it. Mark the position of the sonde and its direction. 
5. Propel the sonde a further 1 or 2 meters, pinpoint, and mark the position. Repeat this pinpoint procedure at similar intervals along the line of the drain or duct until the survey is completed.

The RD8200SG locator will automatically display the depth of a located sonde providing the locator is correctly oriented and positioned above the sonde. Using the LCD compass as a guide, rotate the locator until the compass indicates the sonde is in East / West position.

Pinpoint the sonde. Move the locator in front of the sonde and still with the antenna in line with it, increase sensitivity to find the Peak of the ghost signal. Move the locator to behind the sonde ensuring that the locator blade is always in line with the sonde. Find the null positions A and B. Measure the distance between them and multiply by 0.7 to give an approximate depth measurement.

MRX(G) Marker locator is capable of locating cable to ground faults caused by damaged cable sheaths and can also be used to locate damage to insulation on pipelines. This process is known as Fault-Finding and uses specific fault find signals applied to the target.

Fault find signals can only be applied using Direct Connection method.

The A-frame accessory is used to locate cable sheath faults on power and telecom cables or insulation faults on pipelines.

To use Fault-Find you will need the following equipment:

• MRX(G) Marker locator
• Tx-5 or Tx-10 transmitter
• Accessory A-frame with connecting lead
• Direct connection lead and earth stake

There are 2 types of signals that can be used for fault finding:

• 8K Fault Find – useful for sheath faults on cables but can also be used on pipelines over shorter distances.
• CD Fault Find (only available on Tx-10) – this low frequency signal is very useful on pipelines and particularly useful on long distance pipelines. CD can also be used for locating sheath faults on cables.

Sometimes it is possible for some utilities to be masked by other utilities and this can happen when one or more utilities are in close proximity to each other or when stronger signals may radiate.  In certain applications and congested areas the ‘Nulling’ technique allows operators to eliminate the induction signal directly beneath the transmitter but at the same time induces the transmitter signal onto other nearby utilities that previously have not been able to be located

Two persons Nulling Out technique:

1. Place the transmitter close to the services you wish to trace (a parallel sweep may be used for this) and using the locator at a distance of approximately 10m/30’ from the transmitter, pinpoint the strongest signal.
2. The sensitivity on the locator is adjusted so that the bar graph response is approximately 75%.
3. Release the side support arm.
4. With the locator over the centre of the signal the second operator should hold the transmitter at waist level, with the transmitter on its side – release support arm pointing down.
5. The transmitter is then moved from side to side to find the ‘Null’ spot between two detectable signals; the transmitter should then be lowered towards the ground keeping it in the ‘Null’ spot.
6. At ground level we are ideally looking for a ‘Null’ no wider than 50mm/2” (Sensitivity on the locator may need to be adjusted to achieve this).
7. With the transmitter left on the ground in the ‘Null’ spot. The locator is used to check for additional  signals either side of the ‘Nulled’ signal.
8. Should the ground be uneven the transmitter may be turned across the line of the service provided the release support arm remains facing downwards. (this will improve the stability of the unit).

One person Nulling Out technique

1. Lay the transmitter on its side using the side support arm.
2. Sweep the area around the transmitter with the receiver at least 10m/30’ from it.
3. Reposition the transmitter at 5m/15’ intervals around the area and repeat step 2
4. Stop when there is a response.
5. Pinpoint and mark any lines.
6. Trace the lines out of the area.

Radiodetection are currently working with a number of app providers. Please see the full list including status.

PointMan can be purchased through Radiodetection, other apps need to be purchased directly from the provider.

At times, it may not be possible to put a clamp around a cable because of congestion or because of inaccessibility. A stethoscope antenna should be used in place of a clamp to identify the target cable(s).

Plug the stethoscope into the locator accessory socket. Press the concave head against each cable in turn to detect a maximum signal.

The large stethoscope antenna, which plugs into the locator accessory socket, is used for cable identification in situations where the cable is exposed. It is particularly useful for identifying heavy cables lying in a tray where it is not possible to fit a clamp. The concave detector head on the end of the insulated, flexible gooseneck is placed firmly against the cable to be identified. If there are a number of cables, the stethoscope antenna will give the strongest response from the cable to which the transmitter signal has been applied.

The small stethoscope antenna has a 25mm (2”) concave head at the end of a 2m (6½ ft) lead. The small stethoscope can be screwed into an extension rod or used at the end of several extension rods joined together for identifying inaccessible small cables.

The miniature stethoscope is similar to the small stethoscope but has no handle or facility for extension rods.

The miniature stethoscope can also be used as a miniature antenna for locations where the bulk of the locator makes it inconvenient for use, such as locating pipes or cables in walls.

In restricted areas, the CD stethoscope can be used to obtain current direction but not current measurement.

RD8200SG locators are capable of locating cable to ground faults caused by damaged cable sheaths and can also be used to locate damage to insulation on pipelines. This process is known as Fault-Finding and uses specific fault find signals applied to the target.

Fault find signals can only be applied using Direct Connection method.

The A-frame accessory is used to locate cable sheath faults on power and telecom cables or insulation faults on pipelines.

To use Fault-Find you will need the following equipment:

• RD8200SG locator
• Tx-5 or Tx-10 transmitter
• Accessory A-frame with connecting lead
• Direct connection lead and earth stake

There are 2 types of signals that can be used for fault finding:

• 8K Fault Find – useful for sheath faults on cables but can also be used on pipelines over shorter distances.
• CD Fault Find (only available on Tx-10) – this low frequency signal is very useful on pipelines and particularly useful on long distance pipelines. CD can also be used for locating sheath faults on cables.

RD8200 locators are capable of locating cable to ground faults caused by damaged cable sheaths and can also be used to locate damage to insulation on pipelines. This process is known as Fault-Finding and uses specific fault find signals applied to the target.

Fault find signals can only be applied using Direct Connection method.

The A-frame accessory is used to locate cable sheath faults on power and telecom cables or insulation faults on pipelines.

To use Fault-Find you will need the following equipment:

• RD8200 locator
• Tx-5 or Tx-10 transmitter
• Accessory A-frame with connecting lead
• Direct connection lead and earth stake

There are 2 types of signals that can be used for fault finding:

• 8K Fault Find – useful for sheath faults on cables but can also be used on pipelines over shorter distances.
• CD Fault Find (only available on Tx-10) – this low frequency signal is very useful on pipelines and particularly useful on long distance pipelines. CD can also be used for locating sheath faults on cables.

Using RD8200 standard locating techniques locate the cable or pipe for a short distance and trace and mark its route. Remove all earth bonds from the line to be traced during the fault-finding survey. If there are any earth bonds along the path the fault find signal may direct the user to this location as this will be the preferred path for the fault find signal to leak away into the ground and may result in the fault not being located.

1. With the transmitter switched off connect the Direct Connection lead into the transmitter accessory socket.
2. Clip the red connection lead to the cable, cable sheath or pipe ensuring that the area around the connection is clean and that a positive connection is achieved.
3. Extend the black connection lead as far away as possible at 90° to the probable route of the target cable and clip the connector to the ground stake ensuring that a positive connection is achieved.

NOTE: Always connect the black connection lead to a ground stake and not a water pipe or buried cable, as these may carry the signal.

It is good practice to obtain a reference reading from the ground stake before you attempt to locate a fault on a target line. Reference readings help to provide the following information:

• Severity of fault
• Survey interval

Before taking the reference reading set up the transmitter and locator as follow:

On the transmitter:

1. Select a fault-finding frequency using the key.
2. Use the or  keys to increase or decrease the output signal level.
3. If required you can use the BOOST setting if the fault is located on a high resistance cable or if the cable is long.

WARNING! By selecting 8KFF the transmitter will have the ability to output high voltages and a high voltage warning icon will appear on the transmitter’s LCD.

On the locator:

1. Connect one end of the connection lead to the A-frame socket.
2. Connect the other end to the locator accessory socket.
3. The locator will automatically recognize the A-frame and display the A-frame icon on the LCD.
4. Select a fault-finding frequency using the key.

NOTE: If the locator and transmitter are iLOC enabled then you can remotely control the transmitter using the locator. 

Obtaining a reference reading:

Position the locator approximately 2m (6 feet) from the ground stake and push the A-frame spikes into the ground with the green spike towards the ground stake.

Attach the locator to the A-frame by the retention hook. (If you are holding the locator separately, make sure that the locator is in line with the A-frame and is pointing towards the green spike.) The fault direction arrow should be pointing away from the ground stake. If it is not, make sure that the transmitter is connected correctly (red connector to the cable and black to the ground stake).

Take the dB reading and keep it for reference. If there is a single fault on the cable, it will be approximately the same dB value as the reference reading.

NOTE: To establish how often to take readings on the cable or pipe, move away from the ground stake and take further readings until the arrow has difficulty in locking and the dB reading is low. Measure the distance that the locator is now away from the ground stake. This is the distance that you can safely use between taking readings on the cable or pipe to ensure that you do not miss the fault.

iLOC is a standard feature of all RD8200 locator models. iLOC lets you control the TX-10B Bluetooth transmitter remotely using your locator. With iLOC you can adjust the output frequency, power settings and use SideStep. iLOC commands are sent over a Bluetooth module that can operate at distances of up to 450m / 1400ft in direct line of sight.

To use iLOC, the transmitter and locator must be paired.

NOTE: The RD8200 locator wireless features may be subject to national and or local regulations. Consult your local authorities for more information.

NOTE: Operating in built up areas and in areas with high electromagnetic interference may reduce iLOC’s performance.

WARNING! Do not attempt any wireless connection in areas where such technology is considered hazardous. This may include: petrochemical facilities, medical facilities or around navigation equipment.

This article introduces the principals and techniques of locating buried cable and pipe utilities with the RD8200SG system. For more information on the theory of cable and pipe location, refer to The theory of buried cable and pipe location which is available to download from www.radiodetection.com

The RD8200SG locator supports a range of active and passive frequencies. It also supports 5 additional user definable frequencies in the range of 50Hz to 999Hz.

For a complete list of supported frequencies, refer to the RD8200SG Locator Specification datasheet from www.radiodetection.com

Passive frequency detection takes advantage of signals that may be present on buried metallic conductors. The RD8200SG locator supports four types of passive frequencies: Power, Radio, CPS and CATV signals.

You can detect these frequencies without the aid of a transmitter if they are present on the utility you are surveying.

RD8200SG locators allow you to take advantage of the harmonic signals found on power networks.

When strong or interfering power signals are present, accurate tracing of a target cable can be challenging.  Power Filters™ allow you to establish if a single large power signal comes from one source or from the presence of multiple cables. The different harmonic characteristics of the detected lines can then be used to trace and mark their route.

Once in Power Mode, press the  key to switch out of Radiodetection’s sensitive Power Mode and scroll through the five individual Power Filters. 

The use of an individual Power Filter harmonic can also allow you to locate power lines in situations where the total signal would otherwise be too large.

You can set up to 5 additional; custom frequencies in your locator for use on specific networks.

Frequencies in the range of 50Hz to 999Hz can be set using RD Manager Online.

CAUTION: When using custom frequencies in the range of 692Hz to 704Hz or 981Hz to 993Hz the locator audio may interfere with the locator and must be turned off.

NOTE: Some frequencies (e.g. 440Hz) may be reserved for specific applications in your country and permission from the relevant operator(s) may be required for their use.

NOTE: Contact your local Radiodetection sales office or distributor if you require help in identifying these operators.

Refer to the RD Manager Online operation manual for more information on how to set up custom frequencies.

Active frequencies are applied to a buried conductor using the transmitter. The transmitter can apply a signal using three methods:

Direct Connection

In Direct Connection, you connect the transmitter output directly to the utility. The transmitter will then apply a discrete signal which you can locate using the locator. This is the preferred method of applying a transmitter signal to a utility and in the majority of applications will apply a stronger signal to the utility, which may increase the locate distance.

To directly connect to a non-energized conductive utility:

1. Switch the transmitter off.
2. Connect the Direct Connection lead into the transmitter accessory socket.
3. Clip the red connection lead to the utility ensuring that the area around the connection is clean and that a positive connection is achieved.
4. Clip the black connection lead as far away as possible and at 90° to the ground stake or suitable ground point nearby ensuring that a positive connection is achieved.
5. Switch the transmitter On.
6. The display will show the Direct Connection lead connected icon.

WARNING! Direct Connection to live conductors is POTENTIALLY LETHAL. Direct connections to live conductors should be attempted by fully qualified personnel only using the relevant products that allow connections to energized lines.

WARNING! The transmitter is capable of outputting potentially lethal voltages. Take care when handling the terminals, connection leads and ground stake, notify other technicians working on the line of the hazard and guard exposed conductors to prevent accidental contact.

WARNING!  Ensure the TX transmitter is switched OFF before making a connection and before disconnection of the direct connection lead to a service.

Induction

In this mode of operation, the transmitter is placed on the ground over or near the survey area. If a Direct Connection lead or signal clamp is not plugged into the transmitter, it will automatically go into induction mode.

In this mode, only frequencies applicable for induction mode will be made available as the key is pressed.

Once activated the transmitter will induce the signal indiscriminately to any nearby buried conductors.

Please note that these signals will also be airborne and it is advisable to keep the distance between the transmitter and locator at least 10m / 30’ – this distance may need to be increased, particularly if depth measurements are taken.

Signal clamp

An optional signal clamp can be connected to the transmitter and clamped around a cable or pipe to apply the transmitter signal. This method of applying the transmitter signal is particularly useful on insulated live wires and removes the need to disconnect the supply to the cable. Clamps are available up to 8.5” / 215mm in diameter.

WARNING! Do not clamp around uninsulated live conductors.

WARNING! Before applying or removing the clamp around a power cable, ensure that the clamp is connected to the transmitter at all times.

The choice of signal frequency is an important factor for effective tracing and identification of buried lines, and there is no single frequency that covers all conditions. For simple instruments to be used by relatively non-technical personnel, there is no option but to make a compromise, and choose a single frequency high enough to give good performance in the induction mode, but not so high that it will couple too easily into unwanted lines. Active signals between 8kHz and 33kHz are commonly used for these applications. For more comprehensive equipment for problem-solving by technically competent technicians, a range of frequencies may be provided. Typical examples of these and reasons for their use are illustrated below.

This low frequency is most useful for line tracing and identification over long distances. It does not couple easily to unwanted lines however it is too low for induction, and it falls within the band of power frequency harmonic interference.

This medium frequency is the most useful general-purpose signal, high enough for induction, outside the power frequency interference band, and with limited coupling to wanted lines however it may not be high enough to impose a strong signal on small diameter line like telecom cables.

This higher frequency is easily applied by induction to most lines, so is very useful for initial search. It travels on small diameter line however it couples more easily to unwanted lines, and loses its strength over shorter distances than lower frequencies.

This very high frequency range deals with the difficult cases – induction onto small diameter lines in dry sandy soil, and short lengths of cable. It is very easy to apply by induction however it couples very easily to unwanted lines, and does not travel far.

Selecting frequencies

It is important to select the correct or appropriate frequency for your particular application. For more information refer to the application note “The theory of buried cable and pipe location”, which is available as a free download from www.radiodetection.com

To select a frequency on the locator:

1. Press the key to cycle through available frequencies.
2. Alternatively, hold down the key and press the  or keys to cycle up or down the range of frequencies.

If locating using an active frequency you must also set your transmitter to output the matching frequency.

You can change your transmitter’s output frequency manually using your transmitter’s keypad or automatically using iLOC (Bluetooth transmitters only).

To manually select a transmitter output frequency:

1. Press the key to cycle through available frequencies.

NOTE: Some frequencies require that you connect an accessory, for example an A-Frame, before the frequency is available.

The transmitter clamp fits around a pipe or cable and safely applies a signal to a live insulated cable without interrupting or disconnecting the supply. The clamp applies a very discriminating signal to a target line with reduced coupling to other lines. A clamp can sometimes be a more effective method of applying the signal than Direct Connection.

The target line will carry the strongest signal. The other lines will carry the weaker return signal. If the system comprises only two conductors, they may carry equal signals.

WARNING! Do not clamp around uninsulated live conductors

WARNING! Before applying or removing the clamp around a power cable, ensure that the clamp is connected to the transmitter at all times.

The clamp may buzz or vibrate if it is placed around a power cable that has significant net current flow. This is normal and does not harm the equipment.

1. Plug the clamp into the transmitter output socket.
2. Put the clamp around the pipe or cable and ensure that the jaws are closed. Switch the transmitter on.

The display will show the Clamp connected icon

Clamp connected icon

The line should be grounded (earthed) on each side of the clamp for the signal to transfer to the line. Ground the line if necessary. An insulated cable may be traced even if it has no actual ground connection, providing a reasonable length is buried either side of the clamp to provide capacitive coupling to ground (earth).

NOTE: It is not necessary to make a ground connection from the transmitter when using the clamp.

Although transmitter and locator clamps look the same, they have different internal windings. To prevent the wrong clamp being connected, transmitters and locator clamps have plugs of a different orientation.

Standard signal clamps

The standard clamps apply the transmitter signal very selectively and effectively to a target cable up to 130mm (5¼”) in diameter using frequencies from 8kHz to 200kHz.

The standard and small clamps have a double spring action for positive toroidal contact.

Small signal clamp

The small signal clamp is useful for applying signals from 8kHz to 200kHz to a target cable in a pedestal or other place with limited space. The clamp is suitable for cables up to 50mm diameter.

Current Direction (CD) clamp

The CD clamp plugged into the accessory socket of the transmitter enables CD signals to be applied to individual cables.

WARNING! The transmitter must only be connected to live services using the appropriate accessory such as a plug connector or live cable connector.

Tracing buried pipes and cables across waterways and estuaries are frequent and critical locating applications. Less frequent but equally important is tracing and locating lines between the mainland and offshore islands. When locating pipes and cables the locator sensing antennas should be as close as possible to the target line so it is not practical to locate lines buried under a river or seabed from the surface. In most cases, it is necessary to measure the depth of cover to ensure the line is protected from dragging anchors or other underwater hazards.

The submersible, double depth antenna is suitable for use under water for tracing pipes or cables. There is a weight at the bottom of the antenna for stability and the unit has been pressure tested to IP68 to a depth of 100m (300ft).

The antenna is supplied with 10m of submersible marine umbilical cable as standard, but lengths of up to 100m can be supplied. The extra length enables the antenna to be carried by a diver on a riverbed or seabed while the locator is used in a surface vessel. It is crucial to have effective communication between the operator with the locator and the diver with the antenna.

Alternatively the antenna can be fastened to the end of a non-metallic boom from a barge and lowered to the riverbed or seabed.

Apply the transmitter signal to the target line at an access point on the shore. The submersible antenna line for tracing the line underwater is plugged into the accessory socket of the locator. The locator is used onboard a boat, which should by positioned directly over the line. The transmitting signal should be applied by Direct Connection with the strongest possible signal and at the frequency that the submersible antenna is calibrated to. Make a ground connection about 50m (160ft) from the transmitter. Test the quality of signal on the line before locating on the water.

NOTE: The submersible antenna is calibrated to work at one frequency.

Tips for using a submersible antenna:

The user in the boat should be a specialist or have considerable experience using a locator so that they can give concise instructions to the diver.

It is prudent for the pair to practice working together on dry land before attempting to locate underwater. Using the antenna the diver should locate and trace a known line blindfolded receiving directions from the user with the locator out of sight of the line and the diver.

Because of rapid signal loss and a combination of large surface area and very conductive soil there may be problems applying a suitable signal for tracing a large diameter pipe. It may be necessary to use a high power, low frequency tracing signal.

It is necessary to define a method of recording target line position and depth before starting work in the boat or on the seabed.

WARNING! Only properly licensed and experienced divers should attempt to use the submersible antenna.

The MRX(G) marker locator enables users to locate most the most common RF utility markers. These are also referred to as Electronic Marker System (EMS) and Omni Markers™.

RF markers are used to identify buried utilities and are generally located, at regular intervals, directly on top of the utility they are marking.

The markers are passive devices which resonate at a specific frequency when energized by the marker locator. Each utility is identified by a specific frequency and color.

Folding down the special marker loop antenna, on the front of the MRX(G) marker locator, activates the Marker mode.

In Marker mode, the locator can be used to locate a specific marker or to locate a buried conductor and a marker simultaneously.

Entering Marker mode

To enter marker mode fold down the marker antenna loop. The locator will enter the Marker mode and display the marker icon and identify the marker selected.

Marker mode

NOTE: The locator defaults to the last marker used.

Changing RF marker type

1. Press the key to select the marker you wish to locate.

The abbreviations for each type of marker are indicated in the table below:

*Use of the red Electrical Power (PWR) marker locate mode is subject to radio licensing restrictions for Short Range Devices in the EU and possibly other countries.

It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the red Power (PWR) marker locate mode is only enabled in countries where radio licensing restrictions do not apply at the operating frequency of 169 kHz. If required and permitted, use the RD Manager software package to enable this frequency.

Markers can be disabled using the Marker setup menu. Disabled markers are not available to be selected and will not be displayed.

Markers can also be permanently disabled in the locator by using RD Manager Online. Refer to its operation manual for further information.

Combined mode

In combined mode the locator is used to locate buried conductors (pipes or cables) and the selected marker simultaneously.

In this mode, the left/right arrows indicate the buried conductor position while the bar-graph, numeric display, and audio response indicate the amplitude of the received marker signal.

To enter combined mode:

1 Press the key to select dual mode. The display will show the guidance locate proportional arrows.

Combined mode

Single mode locating

Use this mode when locating a RF marker only, for example, when locating markers used with water or gas plastic utilities.

Proceed as follows:

1. Select Marker mode.
2. Select the type of marker you are trying to locate.
3. Carry out a sweep of the area in which the markers are located to ensure that all markers are located. (set to maximum sensitivity).

4. Use the orkeys to set the locator’s sensitivity to low and pinpoint the marker(s).

CAUTION: The radio signals generated by marker locators may be reflected by other marker types. This may cause the locator to show a response to a different utility marker type, if it is close enough.

5. Once you have located a specific utility marker, scroll through all available marker types by pressing thekey to ensure that no other marker types display a greater response and to confirm that you have located the correct utility marker type.

NOTE: If you cannot locate the marker ensure that you have selected the correct marker type for the utility you are trying to locate and have the sensitivity set to maximum.

Combined mode locating

Use this mode when locating the marker and conductor simultaneously.

In this mode no null mode sensitivity adjustments can be made whilst marker sensitivity adjustments are possible by using the orkeys.

To set up the system for dual locating proceed as follows:

1. Select the same frequency on the locator as used by the transmitter.
2. Pull down the RF marker antenna on the locator. The marker symbol is displayed.
3. Press thekey to select the specific marker you are trying to locate.
4. Press the key to select dual mode. The display shows the null symbol and location arrows, and the locate frequency is shown in place of the marker type.
5. Locate the conductor using the left/right arrows as normal but sweep the area either side of the conductor to ensure that all markers are located. When an RF marker is approached the volume and bar-graph reading will increase and decrease as the marker is passed. Use the or keys to set the locator’s RF marker sensitivity as required to help pinpointing the marker.

CAUTION: The radio signals generated by marker locators may be reflected by other marker types. This may cause the locator to show a response to a different utility marker type, if it is close enough.

6. Once you have located a specific utility marker, switch back to Single mode locating, by pressing the  key, and scroll through all available marker types by pressing thekey to ensure that no other marker types display a greater response and to confirm that you have located the correct utility marker type.

NOTE: If you cannot locate the marker ensure that you have selected the correct marker type for the utility you are trying to locate.

NOTE: A thorough scan of the area is recommended when locating for cable and pipes.

CAUTION: A 6cm/2.4 inch” offset exists between the peak bargraph and minimum depth measurement. This can be noticeable when locating shallow (less than 15cm/6” deep). The minimum depth reading aligns directly above the marker, rather than the peak response.

Peak marker response offset

The MRX SG locator can be set to be disabled once it is beyond the expected service / calibration date.

When the unit is within 31 days of the service due date, the unit will display at startup the number of days left. The locator will stop functioning on the service due date.
CALSafe™ is disabled by default. You can edit the CALSafe service due date, and enable or disable the
function using the RD Manager Online PC software package.

Refer to the RD Manager Online operation manual for further information.

The MRX SG marker locator enables users to locate most common RF utility markers. These are also referred to as Electronic Marker System (EMS) and Omni Markers™.

RF markers are used to identify buried utilities and are generally located, at regular intervals, directly on top of the utility they are marking.

The markers are passive devices which resonate at a specific frequency when energized by the marker locator. Each utility is identified by a specific frequency and color.

Folding down the special marker loop antenna, on the front of the MRX SG marker locator, activates the Marker mode.

In Marker mode, the locator can be used to locate a specific marker or to locate a buried conductor and a marker simultaneously.

Entering Marker mode

To enter marker mode fold down the marker antenna loop. The locator will enter the Marker mode and display the marker icon and identify the marker selected.

Marker mode

NOTE: The locator defaults to the last marker used.

Changing RF marker type

1. Press the key to select the marker you wish to locate.

The abbreviations for each type of marker are indicated in the table below:

*Use of the red Electrical Power (PWR) marker locate mode is subject to radio licensing restrictions for Short Range Devices in the EU and possibly other countries.

It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the red Power (PWR) marker locate mode is only enabled in countries where radio licensing restrictions do not apply at the operating frequency of 169 kHz. If required and permitted, use the RD Manager software package to enable this frequency.

Markers can be disabled using the Marker setup menu. Disabled markers are not available to be selected and will not be displayed.

Markers can also be permanently disabled in the locator by using RD Manager Online. Refer to its operation manual for further information.

Combined mode

In combined mode the locator is used to locate buried conductors (pipes or cables) and the selected marker simultaneously.

In this mode, the left/right arrows indicate the buried conductor position while the bargraph, numeric display, and audio response indicate the amplitude of the received marker signal.

To enter combined mode:

1 Press the key to select dual mode. The display will show the guidance locate proportional arrows.

Combined mode

Single mode locating

Use this mode when locating a RF marker only, for example, when locating markers used with water or gas plastic utilities.

Proceed as follows:

1. Select Marker mode.
2. Select the type of marker you are trying to locate.
3. Carry out a sweep of the area in which the markers are located to ensure that all markers are located. (set to maximum sensitivity).

4. Use the orkeys to set the locator’s sensitivity to low and pinpoint the marker(s).

CAUTION: The radio signals generated by marker locators may be reflected by other marker types. This may cause the locator to show a response to a different utility marker type, if it is close enough.

5. Once you have located a specific utility marker, scroll through all available marker types by pressing thekey to ensure that no other marker types display a greater response and to confirm that you have located the correct utility marker type.

NOTE: If you cannot locate the marker ensure that you have selected the correct marker type for the utility you are trying to locate and have the sensitivity set to maximum.

Combined mode locating

Use this mode when locating the marker and conductor simultaneously.

In this mode no null mode sensitivity adjustments can be made whilst marker sensitivity adjustments are possible by using the orkeys.

To set up the system for dual locating proceed as follows:

1. Select the same frequency on the locator as used by the transmitter.
2. Pull down the RF marker antenna on the locator. The marker symbol is displayed.
3. Press thekey to select the specific marker you are trying to locate.
4. Press the key to select dual mode. The display shows the null symbol and location arrows, and the locate frequency is shown in place of the marker type.
5. Locate the conductor using the left/right arrows as normal but sweep the area either side of the conductor to ensure that all markers are located. When an RF marker is approached the volume and bargraph reading will increase and decrease as the marker is passed. Use the or keys to set the locator’s RF marker sensitivity as required to help pinpointing the marker.

CAUTION: The radio signals generated by marker locators may be reflected by other marker types. This may cause the locator to show a response to a different utility marker type, if it is close enough.

6. Once you have located a specific utility marker, switch back to Single mode locating, by pressing the  key, and scroll through all available marker types by pressing thekey to ensure that no other marker types display a greater response and to confirm that you have located the correct utility marker type.

NOTE: If you cannot locate the marker ensure that you have selected the correct marker type for the utility you are trying to locate.

NOTE: A thorough scan of the area is recommended when locating for cable and pipes.

CAUTION: A 6cm/2.4 inch” offset exists between the peak bargraph and minimum depth measurement. This can be noticeable when locating shallow (less than 15cm/6” deep). The minimum depth reading aligns directly above the marker, rather than the peak response.

Peak marker response offset

The RD8200SG locator provides automatic depth of buried cables, pipes and sondes and when the locator is correctly orientated above the target line or sonde.

Current readings are also displayed simultaneously if the locator is orientated correctly (feature not available in sonde or passive frequency modes).

Depth and current readings are automatically displayed simultaneously, but if the locator is not correctly orientated neither reading will be displayed.

Depth range and accuracy vary depending on the makeup and type of target utility (e.g. cable, pipe or sonde), its depth and external environmental factors like electromagnetic noise, ground conditions and interference.

WARNING! The accuracy of depth measurement is subject to a number of factors and is meant as a guide only. Never use the depth measurement to define mechanical digging depths. Always follow local safe digging guidelines.

The depth measurement is to the center of the pipe, cable or sonde. The best readings are typically detected from ‘active’ signals output by a transmitter rather than from passive sources.

The RD8200SG locator is capable of determining cable depth when locating some passive power signals. However passive signals on lines are less suited for measuring depth because accuracy can be compromised by interference- e.g. due to the passive signal being present on more than one line.

WARNING! Do not make depth measurements near bends or tees in the line. Go at least 5m (16ft) from a bend for best accuracy.

TruDepth and Compass

It is important to note that the RD8200SG locator will only display depth and current (in applicable modes) when the locator is correctly orientated above the target line, cable or sonde. To ensure the locator is correctly orientated, use the Compass feature.

When locating lines, make sure the Compass display is in the North / South orientation position.

When locating sondes, make sure the Compass display is in the East / West orientation.

To minimize signal distortion, do not apply the signal by induction. If Direct Connection or signal clamping is not possible, place the transmitter in induction at least 15m (50ft) from the point of any depth measurements.

Depth measurements may not be accurate if there is audible interference or if part of the transmitter signal has coupled to a nearby line.

Confirming the Peak position coincides with a Null position indicates that the position is suitable for making a depth estimate.

• Pinpoint the target line accurately with the locator.
• Check the locator is directly over the line, the antennas are at right angles to it and the locator is vertical. Adjust the sensitivity level to bring the bar graph indication to approximately 50%.

If the ground appears to radiate a strong field, perhaps near a radio station, check depth by holding the bottom of the antenna 50mm (2”) above the ground and subtract this reading from the indicated depth.

A locator clamp is used to positively locate and identify a cable when several cables are running close together.

A target cable can be identified in a chamber, on a tray or other access point by fitting a clamp to the locator and examining each cable in turn. Signal strength response shown on the locator display should be noted for each cable.

Clamps can be used where:

• Several cables or pipes run in close proximity to each other.
• A cable or pipe is accessible at an inspection hole or manhole.

NOTE: The standard clamp cannot be used with CD. A special CM / CD clamp is available to clamp the lower frequency CD signals.

1. Put the clamp connector into the accessory socket on the front of the RD8200SG locator.
2. Place the clamp around the pipe or cable and switch the locator on.
3. Set the frequency to the same as that on the transmitter.
4. Put the clamp around each cable in turn and note the bar graph response. Compare the strength of response from each cable. The cable with a substantially stronger response than the others will be the cable to which the transmitter signal has been applied.

To ensure that the target cable has been correctly identified, reverse the positions of the transmitter and locator and check that the strongest response is still received from the target cable by the locator in its new position.

Standard clamps

The clamp plugs into the locator accessory socket and is used for cable identification at points where the cable can be accessed. The standard clamps are suitable for cables up to 130mm (5¼”) diameter.

Small clamp

The small clamp performs the same function as the standard clamp but is useful in cramped situations where there is insufficient access for the standard clamp.

The small clamp is suitable for cables up to 50mm (2”) diameter.

Current Direction™ (CD) and Current Measurement (CM) clamp

The CD / CM clamp plugs into the accessory socket of the locator and enables CD and current measurements to be made on individual cables.

This accessory is used to identify a particular cable that is bunched with several other cables or in close proximity to other cables. The combination of direction current and current magnitude is extremely useful for identification purposes.

The external Mains or vehicle power supplies provides an alternative and convenient method of powering the transmitter.

WARNING! The mains power supply rating are: 100-240VAC, 1.3A. Always use an adequately rated detachable mains lead.

WARNING! The mains power supply is not IP rated and should not be used in wet locations

To use the mains or vehicle power supply units connect them to the DC input socket in the transmitter before connecting them to the mains or vehicle supply socket.

WARNING! The mains PSU supply cable is the disconnecting method for isolating the unit from the main supply.

WARNING! The battery compartment lid is the disconnecting method for isolating the unit from the battery supply.

WARNING! Do not position the equipment so it is difficult to disconnect the unit from each supply.

WARNING! Protection will be impaired if used in a manner not specified.

RD8200SG locator model is capable of recording up to 1000 survey measurement records to internal memory. When a measurement is taken and saved, the RD8200SG locator will store the most relevant measurements taken and information, such as:

• Log number
• Current
• Gain
• Depth
• Signal
• Phase
• Frequency
• GPS location

These measurements, taken at specific points indicated by you, can be used to report and map all your findings.

If the RD8200SG locator is paired to an Android or iOS device running a compatible application such as PointMan the locator will append position and time information to the data.

NOTE: The internal GNSS module needs to be switched on and connected to the GPS satellite system.

If several conductors are running in parallel, and it is not possible to connect a transmitter, each line may be located separately. Proceed as follows:

1. Perform a sweep of the area to find the position and number of conductors in the area.
2. Map the direction in which the conductors are going.

To trace the lines:

1. Switch on the transmitter.
2. Select a frequency on the transmitter and set the same matching frequency on the locator.
3. Place the transmitter on its side and in line with a conductor.
4. Ensure the conductor is directly below the transmitter.
5. This will ‘null out’ the signal directly below the transmitter, placing no signal on that conductor, and enable the other conductors to be located.
6. Locate each conductor and mark its position.
7. Move the transmitter down the route and continue locating and marking.
8. Trace each conductor out of the search area until the target can be accurately located.

Unwanted coupling of the signal from the target line to another nearby line is one of the most common location problems. It leads either to an error in the marked position and depth of the target line or to marking the wrong line. A certain degree of coupling is unavoidable in many situations but there are ways in which a careful user can reduce coupling and increase location reliability.

• Avoid applying the signal by induction. The signal may be coupling to more than one line directly from the transmitter. Use the signal clamp where possible.
• Identify points where lines may be bonded or in close proximity to each other. Work toward these points rather than away from them. For example, if gas and water pipes are bonded within a building, apply the signal at the valves or access points in the road rather than in the building.
• Reduce coupling to a parallel line by using a low signal frequency where available.
• Return signal flowing on another line. Use a double-ended connection to by-pass the ground return if possible. 
• Choose a signal application point where the line is furthest from other lines and not in a congested area. 
• When using single-ended connection, site the ground stake as far from the target line as possible and away from other buried lines. 
• Avoid using existing structures for ground connections; other buried lines may be bonded to them. 
• A bad ground connection or just laying the ground lead on the surface at right angles to the line may result in less coupling than a good ground provided long distance tracing is not required.

Current Direction recognition is a feature that helps to positively identify a line at points distant from the application of the signal. It is highly desirable, if not essential, for positive identification of long distance lines. These lines can be traced and positively identified through congested areas or when running parallel to other lines.

The CD feature on the RD8200SG locators indicate the direction of the current flow on a line. Identity of the target line is established if the locator display indicates that the current is flowing forward and away from the point of application of the transmitter signal.

A signal that has coupled onto adjacent lines finds a return path to the point of the original signal application. This is indicated by the locator arrow pointing back towards the transmitter.

This is in contrast to the forward pointing arrow indicating the target line.

The CD transmitter signal should be directly coupled to the target line with a remote ground connection. Most CD signals are low frequency, making them unsuitable for connection with a normal clamp or induction.  These can however be applied with a transmitter CD clamp.

The RD8200SG locators, and Tx-10 and Tx-10B transmitters feature several CD frequencies to help you determine the direction of current through a target line.

NOTE: The transmitter and locator must both have the same CD frequency or frequencies installed to enable the feature to be used. If you have more than one CD frequency installed ensure that the transmitter and locator are both set to the same CD frequency. CD frequencies on both the locator and transmitter will be denoted by the icon on the display.

To select the CD frequency, proceed as follows:

Transmitter

1. Switch the transmitter off.
2. Connect the transmitter to target cable or pipe, either by Direct Connection or by using a CD clamp.
3. Switch the transmitter on.
4. Press the key until the CD frequency is displayed.

CD is a combination of two frequencies, a CD frequency and a locate frequency.

Locator

1. Press the key until the CD frequency is displayed, indicated by the icon. 

RD8200SG models feature Current Direction using a 4 kHz frequency.  This frequency is designed to enable you to use CD to identify a target line on higher impedance cables such as telephone cables and CATV.

Radiodetection products can be registered for the extended warranty on the Radiodetection Online portal.

Visit: portal.radiodetection.com

To register your products, a company account must first be created. This is a two-step process.

1. Register for a portal guest account. Verify your email.
2. Sign in to your portal guest account and continue with the registration process to create a portal company account. Verify your mobile number.

The Radiodetection Online Portal enables authorised company users to register their company’s Radiodetection supported products.

Benefits of product registrations include:

• Manage your products

Use the Product Overview tab to check your registered products, their calibration status (if applicable) and who used it last.

• Keep your product updated

Receive notifications about your product such as new features and software updates.

• Extended Warranty 

RD8200SG, RD8200 and RD7200 utility locators, MRX Series of RF Marker Locators,  TX range of transmitters, and the PCMx locator all benefit from an additional 2 years warranty if registered within 90 days of purchase directly from Radiodetection or from an approved distributor. (Excludes C.A.T4 and Genny4)

To access the Products menu select Products from the navigation pane. 

Article's Content:

1. Products Overview
2. Register your product
3. Supported Products
4. Complete a product registration or add notes
5. Export your registered products

Products Overview

Use the Overview screen to review all your registered Radiodetection products. If the product has been paired and used with a compatible Radiodetection mobile app such as C.A.T Manager you will be able to see the Calibration expiry date, if applicable, and who last used it.

Purchase Date range.

Select either the From or To filter

Select by: Today, Yesterday, Last 7 Days, Last 14 Days, Last 30 Days, This Month, Last Month, Custom Dates.

List of products by purchase date range.

Warning Icons

NOTE: On the Products overview page, the warning icon next to a listed product indicates that the product software needs to be updated. 

Register your product

You can register your Radiodetection product by navigating to Products and selecting the Register Product tab.

1. Enter the Serial Number of your supported product
2. If the serial number has been recognised the Product Description will appear, press verify.
3. Enter the Purchase Date and the name of the Distributor
4. Press Submit

NOTE: if the serial number has already been registered you will be given the possibility to contact the support team to look at this issue.

Supported Products

Currently supported product ranges are:

1. C.A.T4 and Genny 4
2. RD8200SG Cable & Pipe locator
3. RD7200 and RD8200 Cable & Pipe locators
4. MRX Series of RF Marker Locators
5. TX
6. PCMx

C.A.T4 and Genny 4

RD8200SG

RD7200 and RD8200(G)

MRX Series of RF Marker Locators

TX

PCMx

Complete a product registration or add notes

Products registered using a compatible app, such as C.A.T Manager mobile, may have the purchase date and distributor missing.

Products can be associated with notes, allowing you to annotate relevant information such as, for example, calibration history.

To complete a product registration or to annotate it, select the Overview tab and:

1. Select the product

2. Press the Edit button

3. Enter Purchase Date and/or Distributor

4. Type your Notes

5. Press Save

Notes

NOTE: Notes associated with your product may be truncated if too long. If this is the case just hover your mouse over the field to see the full note.

NOTE: If a product has been registered by using a compatible mobile app, such as C.A.T Manager mobile for example, Purchase date and distributor will be missing.

Export a list of company products

Press the Download CSV button to save a detailed list of all your company’s products as Comma Separated Value (CSV) file.

NOTE: The Calibration End Date and Last Used By fields are populated by a compatible mobile app such as C.A.T Manager app

• Anti-magnetic protective sack A221006: for CL9, CL10, CL11, XT10, XT11 as well as CL10 ATEX and CL11 ATEX. It prevents the magnetic plate from accidentally sticking to metal objects and protects the lifter during transport and storage.
• XT2: it comes with two hard plastic anti-magnetic protection cups that keep objects from sticking to the magnets.
• Shoulder pouch A221013 made of Cordura with shoulder strap: for the XT1 NANO (also for the XT1 NANO ERGO and XT1 NANO ATEX).

The handles of models such as CL9, CL10 and CL11 fold or telescope, so the lifters take up little space in the vehicle.

Mergin Maps is developed by Lutra Consulting Limited (England). The following licences apply:

• mobile app: GPL v2
• QGIS plugin: GPL v3
• Mergin Maps Cloud service: proprietary licence held by Lutra Consulting
• self-hosted Enterprise Edition: Mergin Maps Commercial Licence
• self-hosted Community Edition: dual-licensed under AGPL-3.0 and the Mergin Maps Commercial Licence

Licensing is per contributor with write permission; users with a read-only role do not count. Purchase, terms and enquiries are handled directly by Mergin Maps; SEMPERDEAL lists the software for information only and does not sell it.

Yes. QGIS is free and open source software released under the GNU General Public License; the licence text corresponds to version 2, supplemented by an exception for linking with the Qt library. When obtained from qgis.org, QGIS is free of charge; a donation is optional and not a condition for downloading.

QGIS is available from the QGIS.ORG download page. SEMPERDEAL lists QGIS for information only, does not offer it itself and is neither publisher nor partner of the project.

Geolantis.360 is a cloud solution from Geolantis, a division of PelicanCorp. It is offered as a subscription per user and month in several tiers (Pro, Business, Enterprise), which differ among other things in the number of users, data volume and range of functions; individual modules are available as add-ons. The user account is assigned to a server (domain), which is provided together with the login credentials.

Access, terms and demonstrations are handled directly by Geolantis. SEMPERDEAL lists Geolantis.360 for information only and does not sell it.

Most lifting tools apply a constant upward force, which can cause damage or strain. The CoverUp Key applies repeated upward impact, the correct type of force to overcome static friction. It is the only tool of its kind to combine physics-based design, ergonomic safety, and industry-standard reliability, making it the safe, effective, and efficient choice.

Unlike traditional lifting keys that pull from above, the CoverUp Key applies impact force from below the manhole or inspection cover. Its patented slide-hammer mechanism strikes the underside of the cover repeatedly, loosening the seal layer by layer until the cover can be lifted safely.

This method aligns with the physics of static friction, proven to be more effective for releasing seized covers without damage.

Yes. The CoverUp Key is designed in accordance with UK Health & Safety Executive (HSE) and Manual Handling Operations Regulations (1992) guidance. Operators use the tool in an upright posture, reducing strain on the back and shoulders. It has been tested and proven to reduce manual-handling risk, helping companies meet their duty of care and prevent avoidable injuries on site.

No. The CoverUp Key is a release tool, not a lifting device. It is designed to break the seal safely so standard lifting keys or mechanical aids can then be used to remove the cover. This separation of tasks makes it both safer and compliant with UK health and safety legislation.

It is trusted by:

• Water utilities including Welsh Water, Thames Water, and Scottish Water
• Gas and telecoms networks
• Highways and local authority maintenance teams
• Fire & Rescue Services for hydrant access
• Construction, civil engineering, and groundwork contractors

The CoverUp Key is now used in more than 15 countries and proven to release 95 percent of stuck manhole and inspection covers.

Yes. The tool is designed for single-operator use. It is lightweight, easy to handle, and supplied in a compact carry case that fits neatly in any van. There is no power source or training required. Simply select the correct interchangeable tip, engage the cover, and use short upward strikes to release it.

No. The CoverUp Key is fully mechanical, requiring no fuel, hydraulics, or electrical setup. This makes it ideal for off-grid locations, remote worksites, and quick-response jobs where reliability and portability matter most.

Each CoverUp Key is manufactured in the UK from high-grade, corrosion-resistant steel, designed for years of heavy use in demanding site conditions. The interchangeable tips are durable but replaceable, giving the tool a long service life with minimal maintenance.

The CoverUp Key is a patented tool engineered to release stuck or seized inspection covers safely, effectively and efficiently. Instead of relying on brute force or heavy lifting equipment, it uses a slide-hammer action to deliver an upward impact that breaks the seal caused by rust, grit, or compression. It is used across the water, gas, telecoms, highways, and construction industries to improve safety and speed on site.

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) measurements, such as shown in Figure 1, detect reflected or scattered energy. In technical jargon, reflections are created by changes in the electromagnetic impedance associated with property variations. Unfortunately, many GPR users are not familiar with the more esoteric aspects of radio fields and material properties.

Figure 1: Classic data set showing reflections from objects present in the survey area.

What are material properties?

“Material properties” characterize the physical attributes of a material. These properties range from density, elasticity, porosity, thermal conductivity, color, fabric, and texture to a host of other properties. The physical properties important for radio waves are dielectric permittivity, electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability.

GPR responds to changes in electrical and magnetic properties. People naturally tend to characterize a target by its visual or mechanical properties (i.e. directly sensed by sight, touch, etc.). A correlation often exists between electrical and other physical properties; hence GPR responses often conform to people’s preconceptions.

Why are electrical properties important?

Electrical properties control how electromagnetic waves travel through a material; dielectric permittivity primarily controls wave speed; and conductivity determines the signal attenuation.

Radar reflections occur when the radio waves encounter a change in the velocity or attenuation. The bigger the change in properties the more signal reflected.

Many GPR concepts are derived from optics. For example, Snell’s law describes the bending of both light rays and radio waves at a boundary between materials depicted in Figure 2. Bending (or refraction) depends on the change in wave speed between the materials.

Just as in optics, radio waves are partially transmitted and partially reflected at boundaries and the Fresnel reflection coefficient describes both light and radar waves.

Figure 2: Radar waves partially transmitted and reflected at boundaries. Rays also change direction crossing the boundary.

What are Fresnel coefficients?

Fresnel reflection coefficients quantify the amplitude of reflected and transmitted signals at boundaries. The ratio of the reflected-to-incident signal amplitudes is the reflection coefficient; the ratio of the transmitted-to-incident signal amplitudes is the transmission coefficient.

Reflection coefficients depend on the angle of incidence, the polarization of the incident field, and the velocity contrast. Figure 3 illustrates the variation of the reflection coefficient versus angle of incidence and polarization for a GPR wave incident at the water table where a velocity contrast of 1.6:1 might occur.

Figure 3: Amplitude of reflected signals depends on velocity contrast, direction of incidence, and polarity. The reflections for both polarizations at a water table are depicted.

Most situations are not this simple; reflector size and shape are also important. Purists argue that reflections are abstractions and that all responses are scattering responses. Fresnel reflection coefficients implicitly assume a planar and very extensive interface. This is seldom true in reality.

How are irregular shapes treated?

Some common sources of radar responses are depicted in Figure 4. Rough boundaries, localized features, long thin pipes and cables are all much more common than the planar boundary.

Figure 4: Common GPR targets can have a variety of geometries and spatial scales.

Geometry becomes important when boundary geometry dimensions approach the same size as the radar signal spatial dimension (i.e. wavelength). When this occurs, targets must be viewed as collections of scattering points that each capture and re-radiate some of the incident signal. These individual scatterers interact with one another to enhance or reduce re-radiated energy. Scatterers are characterized by their radar cross-section and a back-scatter gain.

What are GPR Cross-Section and Back-Scatter Gain?

The cross-section is a measure of the effective area that a scatterer projects into the path of the incident radar signal. The incident radar wavefront energy per unit area multiplied by the cross-sectional area determines the energy the scatterer extracts from the incident wave.

Figure 5: Illustration of scattering cross-section area and back-scatter gain. In (a) a large area is presented and most energy directed back. In (b) the target presents a small cross-section and the scattered signal is not directed back to the receiver.

The energy extracted signal can be absorbed or re-radiated in any direction. Back-scatter gain measures the amount of energy re-radiated back in the direction of the incident signal as depicted in Figure 5.

Back-scatter gain and cross-sectional area are either computed from numerical modeling or measured for standard geometrical shapes in laboratories. Some simple geometries yield relatively compact analytical back-scatter gain formulas.

The cross-sectional area is a function of the true geometrical cross-section of an object as well as the contrast in electrical properties. The back-scattered gain is primarily controlled by the geometrical attributes of the object.

What does all This Mean?

In a nutshell, radar responses are a function of both physical property contrast and geometry. The response of a sphere, as depicted in Figure 6, illustrates this concept.

Figure 6: Scattering from a spherical body as a function of sphere dimensional. For a small sphere, size dominates. For a large sphere, the response approaches a planar target.

For small objects the amount of energy scattered increases as the fourth power of the target dimension. When the target gets large, the response plateaus out and approaches that of a planar boundary (i.e. the Fresnel reflection coefficient). Between the extremes, the response will oscillate due to constructive and destructive interference within the target.

“How deep can You see?” is the most common question asked of ground penetrating radar (GPR) vendors. While the physics is well known, most people new to GPR do not realize that there are fundamental physical limitations.

Many people think GPR penetration is limited by instrumentation. This is true to some extent, but exploration depth is primarily governed by the material itself and no amount of instrumentation improvement will overcome the fundamental physical limits.

What controls penetration?

Radio waves do not penetrate far through soils, rocks and most man-made materials such as concrete. The loss of radio reception or cell phone connection while driving a car through a tunnel or into an underground parking garage attests to this.

The fact that GPR works at all depends upon very sensitive measuring systems being used and specialized circumstances. Radio waves decrease exponentially and soon become undetectable in energy absorbing materials, as depicted in Figure 1.

Figure 1: GPR signals decay exponentially in soil and rock.

The exponential attenuation coefficient, a, is primarily determined by the ability of the material to conduct electrical currents. In simple uniform materials this is usually the dominant factor; thus a measurement of electrical conductivity (or resistivity) determines attenuation.

In most materials energy is also lost to scattering from material variability and to water being present. Water has two effects; first, water contains ions which contribute to bulk conductivity. Second, the water molecule absorbs electromagnetic energy at high frequencies typically above 1000 MHz (exactly the same mechanism that accounts for why microwave ovens work).

Attenuation increases with frequency as depicted in Figure 2. In environments which are amenable to GPR sounding there is usually a plateau in the attenuation versus frequency curve which defines the “GPR window”.

Figure 2: Attenuation varies with excitation frequency and material. This family of graphs depicts general trends. At low frequencies ( 1000 MHz) water is a strong energy absorber.

Can I decrease frequency to improve penetration?

Lowering frequency improves depth of exploration because attenuation primarily increases with frequency. As frequency decreases, however, two other fundamental aspects of the GPR measurement come into play.

First, reducing frequency results in a loss of resolution. Second, if frequency is too low, electromagnetic fields no longer travel as waves but diffuse which is the realm of inductive EM or eddy current measurements.

Why can’t I just increase my transmitter power?

One can increase exploration depth by increasing the transmitter power. Unfortunately, power must increase exponentially in order to increase depth of exploration.

Figure 3: When attenuation limits exploration depth, power must increase exponentially with depth.

Figure 3 shows the relative power necessary to probe to a given depth for the attenuations depicted in Figure 1. One can readily see increases in exploration depth require large power sources.

In addition to practical constraints, governments regulate the level of radio emissions that can be generated. If the GPR transmitter signals become too large, they may interfere with other instruments, TVs, radios, and cell phones. (Unfortunately, these same ubiquitous devices are usually the limiting sources of noise for GPR receivers!)

Can I predict exploration depth?

Yes, provided the material to be probed is known electrically, many numerical calculation programs are available. The simplest way to get estimates of exploration depth is to use the radar range equation (RRE) analysis. Software to carry out these calculations is available and there are numerous papers on the subject. The basic concepts are depicted in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Radar range, shown here in flowchart form, determines energy distribution and provides a means of estimating exploration depth.

RRE analysis is very powerful for parametric studies and sensitivity analyses.

Radar Range is Too Complicated!

Many users say RRE is too complicated for routine use. If you don’t like to get into detailed calculations, we suggest using the following simpler rule-of-thumb for estimating exploration depth

D= 35/ meters

where is conductivity in mS/m. While not as reliable as the RRE, this helpful rule is quite useful in many geologic settings.

An even simpler approach is to use a table or chart of exploration depths attained in common materials. An example chart for common materials encountered with GPR is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Chart of exploration depths in common materials. These data are based on “best case” observations. As Figure 9 demonstrates, material alone is not a true measure of exploration depth.

Figures 6, 7 and 8 show examples which range from deep to shallow exploration. Material type can be seen to control exploration depth. Unfortunately, exploration can not always be predicted by knowing only the material in the survey area.

Figure 6: Data from a massive granite – reflections are fractures. Figure 7: Data showing bedding in wet sand deposits. Figure 8: Data shows response of barrels in wet, silty clay.

Figure 9 shows a section where the geology is basically uniform but the depth of exploration is highly variable. Pore water conductivity is varying while the geologic material is invariant! In this case, knowing conductivity provides a better measure of exploration depth than knowing the material.

Figure 9: GPR section from sand setting. Depth of exploration is determined by pore water conductivity-not the sand material. Contaminants leaching from a landfill cause variable conductivity (and exploration depth) with position.

Can I save points internally with RTK corrections?

Yes, but still need a Bluetooth correction feeding RTCM data from an NTRIP Client.

How much data does RTK use?

It varies a range of less than 1 kilobytes per second to 5 kilobytes per second (or roughly two megabytes per hour to twenty megabytes per hour). Usage rates can be lower or higher, however. The VRS network and the amount t of satellites that are being corrected (as well as other factors) will impact this rate.

Why is the area that I am mapping not lining up accurately with basemap satellite imagery?

There is more than one reason for this to happen. If the distances are relatively small, there’s probably no reason to worry. A likely reason is that the coordinate planes of the basemap imagery is different from the coordinate system of the GPS receiver (usually 3ft to 4ft off). There are areas that can also be difficult to relay imagery onto as the image is taking a three-dimensional earth plane and transposing it onto a two-dimensional plane.

How do I obtain better accuracy?

The RD8200SG GNSS Receiver will automatically look for differential correction services (DGPS) that can achieve sub-meter accuracy, depending on conditions. With the incorporation of an RTK service provider, localized real time corrections can help to obtain survey grade accuracy.

Do I need internet access?

It depends on the required accuracy. SBAS corrections are done via satellite (no internet) and usually provide around 1m/3ft accuracy, depending on conditions. For more accurate reading, an internet connection is required.

What does the green LED light indicate?

The green LED light informs you of the status of your RTK connection.

RTK fix means the GNSS accuracy is in the highest precision mode and is suitable for taking points
The exact accuracy can be found on the mobile app (app dependent).
This is visualized on the locator with a solid LED just above the screen.

RTK float means that it is using correction data, but has not moved to the highest precision mode yet. Only take points in Float when Fix cannot be obtained. The exact accuracy can be found on the mobile app (app dependent).
This is visualized on the locator with a flashing LED just above the screen.

The RD8200SG is not using correction data. This could indicate an error in the NTRIP settings.
The LED above the screen is off.

How do I see what my accuracy is?

Accuracy is usually displayed on the mobile app.

Using the PointMan app it will be displayed on the screen. 

Example only, units can be changed to metric in the app

The RD8200SG locator has an LED light to indicate the RTK status

• Solid – RTK fix

RTK fix means it is in the highest precision mode.

• Flashing – RTK float

RTK float means that it is using correction data but has not moved to the highest precision mode yet.

• Off – all other conditions

The RD8200SG is not using correction data. This usually means there is an error in the NTRIP settings.

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is the general term applied to techniques which employ radio waves, typically in the 1 to 1000 MHz frequency range, to map structures and features buried in the ground (or in man-made structures). Historically, GPR was primarily focused on mapping structures in the ground; more recently GPR has been used in non-destructive testing of non-metallic structures.

The concept of applying radio waves to probe the internal structure of the ground is not new. Without a doubt, the most successful early work in this area was the use of radio-echo sounders to map the thickness of ice sheets in the Arctic and Antarctic and sound the thickness of glaciers. Work with GPR in non-ice environments started in the early 1970s. Early work focused on permafrost soil applications.

GPR applications are limited only by the imagination and availability of suitable instrumentation. These days, GPR is being used in many different areas including locating buried utilities, mine site evaluation, forensic investigations, archaeological digs, searching for buried landmines and unexploded ordnance, and measuring snow and ice thickness and quality for ski slope management and avalanche prediction, to name a few.

How does it work?

1. Emits weak radio frequency signals
2. Detects the echoes sent back and uses them to build an image
3. Displays signal time delay and strength

GPR is just like a fish finder & echo sounder

1. The finder sends out a ping
2. Signal is scattered back from the fish
3. Signal is scattered back from the bottom

1. As the boat moves it collects recordings
2. The recordings are displayed side by side
3. The result looks like a cross section

GPR Exploration Depths

Exploration depth is site specific

• soils absorb radio waves
• sands and gravel are favorable for GPR
• fine-grained soils such as silt and clay absorb signals
• salty water is totally opaque

What’s so tough about GPR?

1. The ground is more complicated
2. Man-made structures are complex
3. Some things simply do not reflect
4. Some grounds absorb all of the signals

Why doesn’t the pipe look like a pipe?

• the GPR record is a pseudo image of the ground
• localized features become hyperbolas (inverted V’s)
• the GPR sends signals into the ground in all directions
• echoes are observed from all directions
• closest approach (over target) occurs at the apex of V
• the shape of inverted V helps determine the exact depth

Radio frequency electromagnetic fields may pose a health hazard when the fields are intense. Normal fields have been studied extensively over the past 30 years with no conclusive epidemiology relating electromagnetic fields to health problems. Detailed discussions on the subject are contained in the references and the Web sites listed below.

The USA Federal Communication Commission (FCC) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) both specify acceptable levels for electromagnetic fields. Similar power levels are mandated by corresponding agencies in other countries. Maximum permissible exposures and time duration specified by the FCC and OSHA vary with excitation frequency. The lowest threshold plane wave equivalent power cited is 0.2 mW/cm2 for general population over the 30 to 300 MHz frequency band. All other applications and frequencies have higher tolerances as shown graphically in Figure 1.

Figure 1: FCC limits for maximum permissible exposure (MPE) plane-wave equivalent power density mW/cm2.

All Sensors & Software Inc. pulseEKKO, Noggin® and Conquest™ products are normally operated at least 1 m from the user and as such are classified as “mobile” devices according to the FCC. Typical power density levels at a distance of 1 m or greater from any Sensors & Software Inc. product are less than 10-3 mW/cm2 which are 200 to 10,000 times lower than mandated limits. As such, Sensors & Software Inc. products pose no health and safety risk when operated in the normal manner of intended use.

References

1. Questions and answers about biological effects and potential hazards of radio-frequency electromagnetic field.

USA Federal Communications Commission, Office of Engineering & Technology

OET Bulletin 56 (Contains many references and Web sites)

2. Evaluation Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields.

USA Federal Communications Commission, Office of Engineering & Technology

OET Bulletin 56 (Contains many references and Web sites)

3. USA Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations paragraph 1910.67 and 1910.263.

Web Sites

https://transition.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety/
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/radiofrequencyradiation/

Frequency selection is controlled by two survey requirements – exploration depth and resolution length, as shown in Figure 1. Resolution length indicates the ability to uniquely identify closely spaced targets. More details on resolution length can be found in the January 2003 EKKO_Update.

Figure 1: Frequency selection is controlled by exploration depth and resolution length, D Z.

Exploration depth depends on many site specific factors with the most important being the signal attenuation rate in the host material. Attenuation rate depends on GPR frequency as indicated in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Attenuation dictates exploration depth. In an ideal material, attenuation plateaus above the transition frequency. In real environments, water or volume scattering cause attenuation to increase with frequency. The on-set of high frequency losses is very site specific.

In an ideal material, attenuation plateaus at high frequency. In real materials, heterogeneity and water relaxation absorption increase attenuation at high frequency. Scattering losses, as illustrated in Figure 3, always occur. A street lamp in fog is a good analogy. Water drops scatter the light resulting in greatly reduced visibility (i.e. light penetration is decreased).

Figure 3: GPR signals are scattered by small heterogeneities in material properties which reduce the transmitted signal.

Resolution length varies proportionately with GPR frequency since system bandwidth equals center frequency for impulse or baseband GPRs, as depicted in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Spatial resolution versus frequency length. Material velocity changes spatial resolution.

Figures 2 and 4 illustrate the dilemma: as GPR frequency increases, resolution increases but the exploration depth decreases. The compromise solution has a logical but not always unique solution.

Plotting exploration depth versus frequency, as shown in Figure 5, provides the basis of this discussion. For simplicity, exploration depth is selected to be three attenuation lengths in the material. Attenuation length is the inverse of attenuation rate and often referred to as skin depth.

Figure 5: Exploration depth (assumed to be three attenuation lengths) varies with frequency. The decrease in exploration depth at high frequency limits the upper practical GPR frequency.

As shown in Figure 6, the GPR bandwidth must lie between the shaded areas where GPR is not an appropriate method (dispersion is just too great). For maximum resolution fc is selected such that the upper edge of the GPR bandwidth touches the exploration depth curve. In some situations, a range of resolutions and center frequencies can be selected (Figure 7) while some situations leave little choice (Figure 8).

Figure 6: On a log scale, GPR bandwidth and, hence, resolution increase and decrease as center frequency is changed. The highest resolution (smallest resolution length) is achieved when the upper edge of the bandwidth box touches the exploration depth curve at the desired exploration depth. Figure 7: The GPR frequency can be placed anywhere in the unshaded region, as depicted in the figure. As the center frequency is decreased, the bandwidth, B, decreases resulting in lower resolution. Figure 8: In some cases, there is no choice about frequency, as shown here. As the heterogeneity scale length increases, the high frequency cut off moves lower.

The following is a simplified algorithm which can be coded in a spreadsheet and used to estimate fc based on this logic. (a) Characterize the site by estimating local relative permittivity, K, low frequency conductivity, σ, and heterogeneity scale, L (typical length of local variability in the host material). (b) Compute the exploration depth (see Figure 5).

(c) Specify the desired exploration depth, D (must be less than dplat). (d) Estimate high frequency limit factor for scattering

(e) Estimate maximum resolution ratio

using

(f) If R < 1, GPR is inappropriate. (g) If R > 1 then the GPR center frequency that gives the fairest depth versus resolution length compromise is:

If the host is very wet (high water content > 5%), then fc should be limited to less than 1500 MHz if the computed value is greater.

These results are upper limits on frequency. Not included in this simple analysis is the fact that GPR system power and sensitivity tend to increase with decreasing frequency. Using a somewhat lower frequency than computed is often a wise choice.

Accurately determining the depth of a reflection in a GPR data record requires knowledge of how fast the signals travel in the material under investigation. Several techniques are used such as CMP (common mid-point), WARR (wide angle reflection and refraction), known-depth-target, hyperbolic fitting to a local target and diffraction tail matching.

All of these techniques require GPR measurements along a traverse where the geometry is varying in controlled fashion. In other words, the distance to a target varies such that estimates of velocity can be extracted.

Figure 1: The GPR traverse should be perpendicular to the pipe or cable strike direction.

For pipe and cable location, or, in the Conquest example of rebar and conduit location, long linear features are localized targets if the GPR system traverses perpendicular to the feature alignment (Figure 1). To estimate velocity, the path length to the object must vary.

Figure 2: Plan view looking down on ground from above. Traverse 1 is perpendicular to strike and is optimal for velocity determination. Traverse 2 is at an oblique angle and traverse 3 is parallel to the pipe strike axis. Data from traverses 2 and 3 are not suitable for determining velocity.

Figure 2 illustrates this using a straight pipe or cable as an example. In order to extract velocity information, the radar system must be moved perpendicular to the axis of the pipe or cable. The long-axis direction is commonly called the “strike direction” or “strike” for short. If a GPR traverses perpendicular to the strike, the distance varies from the radar system to the pipe in a regular fashion. Traversing parallel to the pipe strike yields no change in the distance of the pipe and hence, a flat, non-changing event on the GPR record. Figures 3 and 4 show these two extremes using real data from a drainage pipe in a farm field.

Figure 3: GPR data over a clay drainage pipe perpendicular to pipe direction (line 1 in figure 8) Figure 4: GPR data over a clay drainage pipe parallel to pipe direction (line 3 in figure 8).

GPR cross-sections display signal amplitude versus position (normally on the horizontal axis denoted as x) and time (which is normally the vertical axis denoted as T). A local target has a travel time versus position as depicted in Figure 5. The mathematical form is a hyperbolic shape (inverted U on a GPR section) relating spatial position (x) to travel time (T). Figure 6 shows the response in a GPR cross-section as the target depth is varied while in Figure 7 the velocity is changed for a fixed depth.

Figure 5: Relationship between GPR position (x), object depth (d) and travel time (T). To is travel time when GPR is directly over the object. Figure 6: Schematic variations in GPR response when object depth is varied for constant velocity. Figure 7: Schematic variations in GPR response when velocity is varied for a fixed object depth.

A handy interpretation aid is to visually fit a model hyperbolic shape to the GPR data as illustrated in Figure 8. Placing the top of the model (triangle point) over the apex (top of inverted U) in the data section selects To. Adjusting the model shape to match the data yields an estimate of the velocity, v. Combining v and To yields an estimate of the depth to the top of the target.

Good field practice entails several traverses over an object. Only use the hyperbolic fitting on the traverse that gives the steepest slope to the arms of the inverted U. This approach assures getting the most correct velocity. A traverse not perpendicular to strike (line 2 in Figure 8) will always yield a velocity higher than the true velocity and the object depth will appear deeper than reality.

Figure 8: Example of shape fitting to a target response on the DVL screen in the field. This feature is standard on Noggin, Conquest and pulseEKKO systems.

How do I register my Radiodetection Product for the Extended Warranty?

Methods of registering your Radiodetection products for the Extended Warranty

There are 2 ways in which to register your Radiodetection products for the extended warranty.

Visit https://portal.radiodetection.com/ to create your portal Guest account, next create a company account* and use the Product page to register your locator or transmitter.

https://support.radiodetection.com/hc/en-gb/articles/115004989543-Create-a-Guest-Account

https://support.radiodetection.com/hc/en-gb/articles/115004997366-Create-a-Company-Account-upgrade-from-a-Guest-account-

https://support.radiodetection.com/hc/en-gb/articles/115001610452-Managing-your-Radiodetection-products

https://support.radiodetection.com/hc/en-gb/articles/115001690391-Registering-your-gC-A-T4

* A valid e-mail address and mobile number are required.

**Languages: Currently Available: English. 

Eligible products for Online Portal registration.

• C.A.T4 and Genny4 product range
• RD7200 and RD8200 Product range
• RD7100 and RD8100 Locator and Marker locator range.
• TX product Range
• PCMx Locator

Alternatively,

RD Manager Online is compatible with Microsoft Windows 10.
*Administrator privileges are required to install RD Manager Online.

• RD8200 Precision Locator Range
• RD7200 Precision Locator Range

Software Download page: https://www.radiodetection.com/en-gb/resources/software-downloads/rd-manager-online

Once installed, create an account within the application by selecting ‘Sign In’ at the top left of the screen.

And then select: Sign Up Here.

Followed by registering your products as the illustration below. Account screen/Extended Warranty tab/Register.

Enter the serial number of unit then click on the Register button. Your product will then appear in the Extended Warranty list window.

Registration is then complete.

To select a preferred language option, go to Tool icon/Options/Select Current Language

**Languages: Currently Available: English, French, Chinese, German, Russian and Spanish.

Further information on RD Manager™ Online accounts: https://support.radiodetection.com/hc/en-gb/articles/4407101423249-RD-Manager-Online-Accounts

*Administrator privileges are required to install RD Manager

***Windows XP onward

Eligible Products for RD Manager registration

• RD7000+M and RD8000M product range
• RD7100 and RD8100 Locator and Marker locator range.

Software Download page: https://www.radiodetection.com/en/resources/software-downloads/rd-manager

Once installed, create an account within the application by selecting ‘Sign In’ at the top left of the screen.

And then select: Sign Up Here.

Followed by registering your products as the illustration below. Account screen/Extended Warranty tab/Register.

Enter the serial number of unit then click on the Register button. Your product will then appear in the Extended Warranty list window.

Registration is then complete.

To select a preferred language option, go to Tool icon/Options/Select Current Language

**Languages: Currently Available: English, French & Spanish.

Further information on RD Manager™ accounts: https://support.radiodetection.com/hc/en-gb/articles/360001128943-RD-Manager-Accounts

To use the RD8200SG with corrected GNSS positioning to achieve survey grade accuracy, you need: 

1. RD8200SG locator
2. Compatible mobile app
3. Correction service provider
4. Compatible mobile phone or tablet (requirements depend on mobile app)

Can I use my local (free) correction service provider?

The RD8200SG was designed to work with any correction service provider. Many US states have free correction services available. For a full list for North America, please follow this link: North America - NTRIP-list.

What if I have no internet connection?

Without internet you it is not possible to receive correction data from the RTK Network and which means accuracy will be significantly reduced. The accuracy you will obtain will vary depending on the situation. Tests have shown an accuracy of 50cm-2m (1.5ft-6.5ft).

User’s iOS device displayed a “Please enable Bluetooth to continue” message in the app even though Bluetooth was already turned on; deleting and reinstalling the app resolved the issue.

This is likely due to Bluetooth permissions being denied and blocked from requesting again upon initial app launch.

Die Geräte übernehmen unterschiedliche Funktionen, wie etwa diverse Messungen​
(Temperatur, Luftfeuchte, Lichtstärke, Schallpegel etc.). Dabei verfügt das​
Multifunktionsgerät über Zusatzfunktionen, die ein Multimeter nicht anbieten kann. Die​
beleuchtbare Digitalanzeige gibt Auskunft über alle relevanten Messwerte.

As already mentioned, a multimeter is used for a range of different measurements. The most important
measurement functions are voltage, current, resistance, continuity testing,
capacitance measurement and diode testing.

The digital display (digital multimeter) gives you a clear readout of the values you
need. The measured quantities are set with the rotary switch. For connecting the
test probes, the multimeter has sockets.

The clamp shape that gives the clamp meter its name allows current to be measured
without contact, using the magnetic field. The clamp-shaped head is placed directly
around a current-carrying conductor, so measurements can be taken safely even while
a device is running.

Clamp meters are available in different versions, either as an AC or an AC/DC model
. These two models differ in that
AC clamp meters can only measure alternating current, whereas
AC/DC clamp meters can perform both alternating and direct current measurements.

Whether you should buy an AC clamp meter or instead consider an AC/DC
model is therefore best decided with the intended
application in mind.

Discover Pancontrol clamp meters!

Im Gegensatz zu herkömmlichen Spannungsprüfern kann bei den neuen
Spannungsprüfern kontaktlos gemessen werden, wodurch kein physischer Kontakt zum
Leiter vorhanden sein muss. Stattdessen misst das Gerät die elektrische Feldstärke des
Leiters und reduziert so die Gefahr eines Stromschlags.

Das Digital Multimeter dient als Standard-Messgerät, um vor allem Strom und​
Spannungen zu überprüfen. Elektroinstallateure, Mechatroniker und Elektriker profitieren​
bei ihren täglichen Arbeiten von dem Device, welches eine erhebliche
Arbeitserleichterung bedeutet.​

To calibrate your ThermalMaster thermal imaging camera for higher accuracy, first let it warm up for a few minutes so the sensor can stabilize. Make sure the emissivity setting matches the surface material you are measuring, as an incorrect emissivity value is a common cause of inaccurate temperature readings. If the image looks uneven or noisy, use the camera's automatic or manual NUC (non-uniformity correction) function, especially after moving between environments at different temperatures.

For accurate results, avoid taking measurements in direct sunlight, in strong wind, or on highly reflective surfaces, as these factors can distort the readings. Where possible, compare the temperature data against known reference temperatures or contact thermometers, and adjust the settings to suit your specific application.

The 501 is a very cost-effective and versatile locator which features a Peak antenna in the Receiver and transmits a single ultra-high frequency signal (447.5 kHz) via Direct Connection, Inductive Clamp Coupling or an Inductive Antenna.

Inductive Clamps allow signals to be applied to cables without disconnecting them — this is ideal for working with pipes and cables that are in use; just ensure that they are safely insulated. Inductive Antennas broadly emit signals which can be coupled to a cable or pipe below ground — great when you know there’s something down there but don’t have access to the ends of the line.

The 501 is an excellent “first-timer” locator which is intuitive and versatile, for most situations and applications.

The IP54-rated 551 offers a high-powered Dual Frequency Transmitter which uses one low frequency (1.75 kHz) and one mid-range frequency (33 kHz). Lower frequencies are helpful not only for tracking deeper depths and longer distances, but to limit the amount of “crosstalk” or “signal bleed” onto other nearby lines. Dual Simultaneous Frequencies are also excellent for pinpointing faults as you can instantly compare them along a line. One frequency may respond to damage differently than the other. Like the 501, the 551 also includes a coupling clamp and a built-in induction antenna, but while the 501 operates only at 447.5 kHz, the 551’s Inductive Clamp injects 33 kHz into a line and the 551’s induction antenna emits 133 kHz.

The 551 Receiver detects any of the three active frequencies (1.75 kHz, 33 kHz or 133 kHz) with both Peak and Null antennas—Peak to make tracing simple and intuitive and Null for pinpointing and triangulating depth. The 551 also passively detects live lines carrying AC-current. The IntelliTrack digital noise rejection feature ensures successful locating around electrical interference.

If more effectively isolating single lines, tracking deeper and further, detecting and pinpointing damage, intuitively triangulating line depth, and passively sweeping for live electrical current is desirable, then the 551 is the better choice otherwise the 501 is simpler and more affordable.

If traditional non-intrusive acoustic methods fail, our PipeMic Series can still yield impressive results. Since the PipeMic is introduced into the pipe itself it can pick up almost every noise, even with high ambient noise levels. Hydrogen tracer gas should also be considered as an application of last resort. This non-acoustic method can help to find even the smallest leaks and can be applied on empty and on live pipes (with our GasDiffuser).

The main differences between the 501 and the 521E involve the signal frequencies and orientation of the antennas in the receivers.

The 501 uses a very high-frequency signal at 447.5 kHz while the 521E uses a much lower 1.75 kHz.

The lower frequency of the 521E means there is less signal bleed so tracking a single wire in a bundle is easier (great for irrigation), but a lower frequency signal will struggle to travel to the end of a wire or cable if it is not buried (or grounded at the far end).

Meanwhile the higher frequency of the 501 is more susceptible to bleeding onto other nearby metal or wires, but it also allows for easier inductive transmission and puts out less current, therefore less risk of shock or damage as well as less power consumption by the transmitter.  The high frequency of the 501 will also work much better with fish tape / steel snake fed through a non-metallic pipe.

Furthermore, the 501 can also tend to track more deeply buried wires, cables and pipes when directly connected, but unlike the 521E, it does not require a direct connection; it can be used with the Inductive Clamp or Inductive Antenna.

The 501 uses a “peak” method of location, so the hotter the signal, the closer you are to the cable, while the  521E uses a “null” approach: the signal is hottest a few inches alongside the cable and cancels out when right above the cable.

The null method offers some benefits for the 521E:
– A hot spot in signal over an irrigation sprinkler valve box with a coil around the solenoid makes valve location very easy.

– In the hands of an experienced user, it can be used to locate ground faults.

Because the 501 uses the peak method of location, the signal does not change as much over a valve box and thus is not as helpful for locating them. If valve locating is your primary goal, the 521E is the better choice.

Yes, you will find all the required software and mobile apps in our dedicated "Download Center" or "User Manuals" sections; if you use an Android smartphone, you can download the installation package for the "Thermal Master" app directly from our official website. However, if your smartphone runs iOS, we recommend going to the Apple App Store to search for and download the corresponding app, which ensures a smooth installation.

Our devices are pre-calibrated at the factory and do not require regular recalibration under normal operating conditions; the software does, however, run an automatic shutter calibration (NUC) during operation to compensate for temperature fluctuations. You can also trigger this manually in the app if the image looks uneven, or verify your device once a year against a known temperature source for high-precision industrial applications.

Yes, the ThermalMaster app lets you record video and take photos at the same time. Simply tap the photo button while recording, and the app saves a still image without interrupting the video, so you never miss a moment. This lets you document important thermal findings as both video footage and high-resolution snapshots in a single session.

To connect your Thermal Master device to your computer, you should use the supplied USB-C to USB-A cable (or a compatible data cable) to plug the device directly into the USB port on your PC; once the connection is established, you need to download and install the matching professional analysis software from our official Download Center.

Such as “Temp Master” for the P series or “IR Explorer” for the T series, which let you view live thermal images, carry out detailed temperature analyses and export professional reports directly to your Windows system.

On handheld models with internal memory such as the DV2 or Thor series, your computer recognizes the device as an external drive once it has been switched on and connected, so you can transfer stored thermal images and videos for playback with standard media players.

The main advantages of ThermalMaster over FLIR lie in its exceptional price-performance ratio and superior specifications: at the same price it offers 2 to 4 times the pixel resolution (starting at 256×192) and a high frame rate of 25 Hz to 50 Hz, which prevents image stutter.

In addition, our P3 series supports manual focus and macro shots, making recesses on circuit boards clearly visible from a distance of 8 mm, whereas most FLIR products have fixed focal lengths, which makes close-up shots impossible. We also provide professional analysis software free of charge, with no additional subscription fees.

You can find calibration details in our User Guide and in the app settings. All ThermalMaster devices are factory pre-calibrated against professional blackbody references to ensure high accuracy, and our software (such as the ThermalMaster app) lets you run manual shutter calibrations and adjust the emissivity settings for accurate temperature readings across different materials and environments.

ThermalMaster thermal imaging cameras typically cover a wide temperature measurement range from -20 °C to 600 °C, designed for a variety of inspection scenarios. In the low to medium range (-20 °C to 150 °C), for example, the camera can be used to check building insulation, carry out HVAC inspections, and detect heat loss through walls.

The medium to high range (approx. 150 °C to 400 °C) is well suited to electrical troubleshooting, switchboard inspections, or checking automotive components. At the upper end of the range (up to approx. 600 °C), the camera helps detect severe overheating in motors, exhaust systems, or industrial equipment, delivering accurate readings across a wide range of applications.

The ThermalMaster P2 Pro is first and foremost a compact thermal imaging camera for smartphones, focused on close-range temperature measurement and precise imaging. It is extremely small, connects to your smartphone, comes with a magnetic macro lens for detail-rich shots, and is ideal for jobs such as electronics, HVAC, and home inspections with high-resolution thermal images.

The ThermalMaster T2 Pro, by contrast, is a thermal monocular built for outdoor observation, long-range detection, wildlife spotting, and tactical use. It offers features such as HD and highlight image modes, a tactical grip and a scope mount, plus a far greater range, which makes it better suited to detecting heat sources from a distance than to capturing detailed close-ups.

The NETD value (Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference) indicates how sensitive a thermal imaging camera is to minute temperature differences. Put simply, the lower the NETD value, the better the camera can pick up subtle temperature differences. This matters because a thermal imaging camera with a low NETD value delivers clearer, sharper images and makes it easier for you to spot small problems – such as slight gaps in insulation, early electrical overheating, or minor heat loss – that a camera with a higher NETD value might miss.

ThermalMaster cameras are fully compatible with the iPhone 15/16 and Android devices with a Type-C port, and they offer plug-and-play operation. While most models (such as the P3) support the universal USB-C interface, some models are compatible only with certain operating systems. To check whether your device is supported, please contact our customer service.

ThermalMaster's X³ Super Resolution technology is an advanced image processing algorithm that improves the sharpness of thermal images by reconstructing and upscaling raw sensor data. Merging multiple frames improves visual detail by a factor of three, turning standard thermal images into sharper, higher-resolution output images while simultaneously reducing noise and improving edge sharpness.

This allows you to detect subtle temperature deviations and smaller components that might be missed at standard resolution, achieving professional accuracy without the need for high-resolution sensors.

No, a thermal imaging camera does not work through glass or windows the way many people expect. Glass blocks most long-wave infrared radiation, so instead of the heat behind it, you usually see the temperature of the glass surface itself or reflections from surrounding objects. For this reason, thermal imaging cameras cannot accurately detect people, heat sources, or objects through windows, mirrors, or other shiny surfaces.

The “click” you hear is a normal operating sound caused by the internal mechanical shutter as it carries out a process called “Non-Uniformity Correction” (NUC). As the camera’s internal temperature changes during operation, the sensor’s pixels can start to drift; the shutter briefly moves in front of the lens to provide a uniform temperature reference, allowing the software to recalibrate and clear up any “hazy” or ghost images.

This keeps your ThermalMaster device at a high level of measurement accuracy and delivers a sharp, balanced thermal image throughout the inspection.

For circuit board and microelectronics repair, the Thermal Master P3 is our first choice, since it was developed specifically for board-level diagnostics. It features an integrated 8 mm macro lens with manual focus that lets you magnify components down to 0.25 mm (resistors) and easily detect current leakage as low as 1 mA.

Combined with our X³ Super Resolution (image enhancement to 512 × 384) and a high frame rate of 25 Hz, the P3 delivers the crystal-clear, fluid thermal detail needed to pinpoint short circuits or overheated chips that entry-level fixed-focus cameras might miss.

Yes, ThermalMaster thermal imaging cameras are indispensable tools for HVAC troubleshooting, because they let you spot problems such as airflow imbalances, leaking ducts, and electrical overheating right away. By capturing precise temperature gradients, you can identify clogged condenser coils or gaps in insulation without having to disassemble the system.

For professional HVAC inspections, we especially recommend the ThermalMaster Thor series (e.g., the Thor001 model). It is built for harsh working conditions and features a large display as well as high thermal sensitivity, so you can easily detect even minor refrigerant leaks or blockages in radiators.

ThermalMaster cameras are highly effective at locating water leaks and underfloor heating problems, because they pick up the small temperature differences caused by moisture or heat dissipation. Since water changes the thermal mass of drywall and insulation, the camera reveals hidden leaks as “cold spots” behind walls, while underfloor heating pipes show up as clear, glowing lines beneath the surface.

With ThermalMaster’s X³ Super Resolution, you can pinpoint the exact location of a burst pipe or a blockage with high-resolution clarity. This professional-grade precision helps you save time and avoid unnecessary demolition work during home repairs or professional inspections.

You can find detailed technical specifications for every product on that product’s page at ThermalMaster.com — just scroll to the “Product Specifications” or “Technical Data” section. These sections cover comprehensive data, including infrared resolution (e.g., 256×192 or 384×288), thermal sensitivity (NETD), temperature measurement range, frame rate, and field of view (FOV). For a quick overview of our entire product range, you can also consult our user manuals, full product datasheets, and comparison charts.

Yes, you can download the user manual for any individual model by visiting our dedicated user manual page. There we provide comprehensive PDF manuals for our entire product range, including the P series (P1, P2, P2 Pro, P3), the Thor series (Thor001/002), the NV series (NV300/NV500), and the T2 Max/DV2 models. These manuals cover everything from initial setup and app connection to advanced image analysis functions, ensuring that you have all the technical instructions for your specific device.

Tempo offers an industry-leading line-up of buried utility locators. Here's an overview to help you choose the right one:

	501 Tracker II – Trace wires and metallic pipes on active or dead systems without deactivating power.
	551™ Advanced Underground Locator – Dual-frequency locator with IntelliTrack™ for tracing buried utilities up to 20 ft deep.
	521E Wire and Valve Locator – Professional-grade tool for tracing buried wires, irrigation valves, and cable faults.
	508S-G Wire Finder – Compact transmitter and receiver for locating wires in walls and at shallow burial depths.
	BLL-200 Buried Line Locator – Locate buried lines up to 20 ft and measure depth up to 15 ft with intuitive indicators.

GPR systems must acquire very rapidly changing radio frequency signals. The capture of these signals for analysis and interpretation requires a considerable degree of electronic sophistication such that high fidelity data are acquired.

Commercial GPR use equivalent time sampling (ETS) to capture the transient radio wave signals. ETS uses the same principles as a stroboscope. In its earliest form, analog electronic circuitry was designed to translate the rapidly varying GPR voltage into an audio frequency signal that could be recorded and displayed.

With time, GPR technology of signal capture with ETS has evolved substantially. Key developments over the past 30 years have been as follows.
(a) Recording the analog audio frequency signal on analog audio tape recorders for replay.
(b) Digitizing of the analog audio frequency signal to record the data on digital magnetic tape or computer disks. Computers are used for replay and analysis.
(c) Elimination of audio instrument stage with direct digital signal capture at the receive antenna while retaining the same analog signal clocking. Digital data were recorded on digital media.
(d) Digitization of signal at the receive antenna with digitally (computer) controlled delay times. Digital data are recorded. All analog ETS components are removed. Such systems are said to use digital equivalent time sampling (DETS).

The key benefits of DETS are as follows

(a) Timing and signal amplitude stability and fidelity.
(b) The ability to use digital compensation schemes to assure time base linearity and calibration. (c) Acquisition of GPR data on demand without the need to keep analog clocking running.
(d) Removal of analog filtering stages in audio portion ETS circuits which can create distraction.
(e) Ability to collect spatially synchronized data (i.e. data are collected at known location triggered by user or electronic positioning). No need to rubber band to take out traverse speed variations.
(f) Ability to use programmable stacking versus GPR delay time.
(g) Ability to log a variety of diagnostic data with each GPR trace.

All of Sensors & Software’s GPR systems use DETS to assure the highest possible GPR data quality.

Frequency and time domain GPR’s are in principle no different and in a perfect world would yield identical results. The reason that there are two different types of systems stems from various approaches of capturing wide band transient signals when direct capture is not electronically possible (A/D converters are not yet fast enough for most GPR applications). The result is a bunch of electronic mumbo jumbo that confuses non-electronic specialists.

In the frequency domain, the signals are emitted as a sinusoidal wave. The response, as the frequency of the sinusoid changes over a given bandwidth, is extracted. The transfer function is measured by heterodyning or mixing techniques. By suitable signal manipulation (Fourier transform) echo strength versus delay time is extracted. These methods of implementation are called FM-CW and step frequency radars.

In the time domain, all frequencies are emitted essentially at the same time and they constructively interfere to give pulses and create directly the echo strength versus travel time delay information. The signal capture uses synchronous detection of the signal. (The frequency domain signal can be synthesized by Fourier transform of the time domain signal). Common names for time domain systems are impulse, base band and UWB radars.

All governments have regulations on the level of electromagnetic emissions that an electronic apparatus can emit. The objective is to assure that one apparatus or device does not interfere with any other apparatus or device in such a way as to make the other apparatus non-functional.

Sensors & Software Inc. extensively test their pulseEKKO, Noggin and Conquest subsurface imaging products using independent professional testing houses and comply with latest regulations of the USA, Canada, European Community, and other major jurisdictions on the matter of emissions.

GPR instruments are considered to be UWB (ultra wideband) devices. The regulatory regimes worldwide are devising new rules for UWB devices. Sensors & Software Inc. maintains close contact with the regulators to help guide standard development and assure that all products conform. You should continually monitor the “News” link on our website (www.sensoft.ca) for updates on standards.

Electronic devices have not always been designed for proper immunity. If a GPR equipment is placed in close proximity to an electronic device, interference may occur. While there have been no substantiated reports of interference to date, if any unusual behavior is observed on nearby devices, test if the disturbance starts and stops when the GPR instrument is turned on and off. If interference is confirmed, stop using the GPR.

Register your product easily via the Schonstedt online registration form.

Da bei der Arbeit an elektrischen Geräten bzw. Leitungen immer Vorsicht geboten ist​
(Stichwort Stromschläge), sollte man auf maximale Sicherheit setzen. In Situationen, in​
denen auf Spannung geprüft wird, ist ein Profi Spannungsprüfer notwendig. Dieses
Gerät unterstützt beim Auffinden von spannungsführenden Leitungen, Bruchstellen in
Kabeln, defekter Lampen in Lichterketten etc.

Elektriker sollten einen Spannungsprüfer jederzeit mitführen, da sie das Tool bei der
Arbeit tagtäglich gebrauchen können.

A challenge we are often confronted with in developing countries is the lack of basic metering infrastructure, which is the necessary foundation for efficient water loss management. Municipalities often are not aware of the exact location of their water networks. Usually the customer's water consumption is not metered. The lack of metering makes it impossible to assess the water loss on a basic level and requires the installation of such infrastructure as a first step. The ZM Ultra can be a great temporary solution for such challenging projects.

High ambient noise (even at night time) is another challenge in densely populated areas. A solution can be our PipeMic because the probe gets very close to the leak. The PipeMic can lead to good results, even in loud environments.

We want to offer the best and quickest solution for you. If you have a malfunctioning device, please contact us to discuss the next steps.

• Camera: clean with clean water and disinfectant, the lens with a lint-free cloth.
• Pushrod: clean and disinfect after every use with a cloth moistened with disinfectant.
• Controller: clean the case with mild soapy water and the screen with a lint-free cloth.
• Connections: keep O-rings clean, greased with a silicone-based grease and undamaged; do not grease pogo pins or the slip ring PCB; close connections with the protective caps when not in use.
• Reel: keep the rod guide clean and check it regularly for wear.

High-pressure hoses must not be used for cleaning; the system is stored clean and dry.

This articles applies to RD8200 and RD7100 precision locators.

If something goes wrong while updating the locator software, this may corrupt the software and the locator will fail to power up. The backlight may come up but the screen will remain blank

This may happen for example if the USB cable is accidentally disconnected from the locator or power down the unit while updating the unit software.

If this happens you should be able to put the locator in recovery mode and be able to update the software again.

To do this follow these steps:

1. Start RD Manager Online
2. Connect the USB lead to the locator
3.  Press and hold the Down arrow and Function keys and turn on the locator using the Power key.

1. The locator will power up in COMM2 recovery mode and RD Manager online will identify the unit

1. Follow this article for instructions on how to perform a software update to your locator

To identify what software version your precision locator hold down the  key on your keypad when you turn on the unit.

 The display automatically step through the following information: model type and software version

If required, you can update your precision locator to the latest software by installing and using the RD Manager for PC. This can be downloaded by visiting the RD Manager for PC web page or, if the link does not work, by copying and pasting the following URL into your web browser:

www.radiodetection.com/rdmanager

To use RD Manager for PC you will need a Windows PC running Windows 10 64 bit.

For further information on how to install and use RD Manager to update your locator's software refer to the RD Manager support section.

To identify what software version your C.A.T4 is running, squeeze the trigger and press the depth button whilst the C.A.T4 is powering up (the display is showing all the icons). Release the depth button when the letter ‘C’ appears on the left of the display.

The display automatically step through the following information: configuration number ‘C’, software version ‘S’ and calibration expiry date as day ‘D’, month ‘M’, year ‘Y’.

If required, you can update your C.A.T4 locator to the latest software by installing and using the C.A.T Manager for PC. This can be downloaded by visiting the C.A.T Manager for PC web page or, if the link does not work, by copying and pasting the following URL into your web browser:

https://www.radiodetection.com/products/cable-avoidance/cat4-and-genny4-range 

To use C.A.T Manager for PC you will need a Windows PC with XP or higher operating system. For further information please refer to the C.A.T Manager for PC operational guide.

This error is normally associated with the 'real time clock circuit' in the locator.  All data logging locators contain an on board battery that powers this circuitry when the locator is switched off so that the date and time clock continue to operate correctly, even when the unit is switched off.  In general this battery should last between 3 and 5 years, dependent upon usage and environmental conditions etc.

If the real time battery falls below specific levels, the locator will detect this and display the 'err 150' message on power up.  The locator performance or operation will not be compromised but time and date information on the stored data logs will be incorrect.

Please note, the real time battery can only be changed by Radiodetection service or an authorized Radiodetection service center.

Skids centre the camera in the pipe and protect it from damage. If the camera is not on the pipe axis, videos and photos can be distorted and water levels or deformations misjudged; it is therefore advisable to use skids wherever possible, two of them to help keep the camera level.

The universal skid set covers pipes from 50 to 150 mm and fits the 25 mm and 50 mm cameras, the solid sonde, the 25 mm and 35 mm flexisondes and the universal flexi. For the 50 mm camera there are also W-skids for pipes up to 225 mm.

The rope has spliced loops at both ends. For horizontal cable pulling, it is advisable to fit a connecting swivel with twist compensation between the pulling rope and the cable pulling grip: it compensates twisting between cable and rope, reduces friction resistance and protects the cable and the pulling system.

Threads (F = female/internal, M = male/external):

• NanoSonde VMS3-33: 2 × M2 (F) for shock absorber, sail and calibre
• NanoSonde MPL4-33: M3.5 (F)
• MicroSonde MPL6-33 and VMS6-33: M5 (F)
• MicroSonde MPL7-33 and MiniSonde MPL9-33: M5 (F) or M6 (F), depending on the battery compartment fitted
• Sondes PL18-33, PL18-33R and PL18-05: M6 (F), M10 (M) and M12 (F)
• MegaSonde PL42-05: M12 (F)

Accessories for the push rod:

• Spring joint FM55 (V14805): M5 (M) to the sonde, M5 (F) for the push rod; FM56 (V14800): M5 (M) to the sonde, M6 (F) for the push rod. Recommended for MPL6-33, VMS6-33 and MPL7-33; possible but not recommended on the MPL9-33.
• PL18-FM (V14194): flexible mounting that replaces the battery compartment of the PL18 sondes, with M12 (F) and M6 (F) for the push rod; not compatible with the PL42-05.
• PL-MSA5 (V14057): adapter with M12 (M) to the sonde and M10 (F) and M5 (F) for the push rod; intended for PL18-33, PL18-33R, PL18-05 and PL42-05. PL-MSA6 (V14058): M12 (M) and M6 (F).

The P354 is a non-steerable crawler with one motor (5.4 kg) and the P356 a steerable crawler with two motors (14.3 kg). Suitable combinations for centred inspection include:

Small wheels are 62 mm and medium wheels 110 mm in diameter; for pipes larger than 375 mm, the P356 uses 177 mm pneumatic tyres. Larger and double-stacked wheels should be used where possible; abrasive wheels are intended for slippery or relined pipes.

The EDER WINCH 400 (PW400) requires a synthetic pulling rope of Ø 8 to 10 mm. The RUNPOTEC rope has a diameter of 12 mm and is therefore outside this specification. The matching pulling system for the RUNPOTEC rope is the CW 800 E capstan winch.

The pulling rope is not included in the scope of delivery. A synthetic rope of Ø 8 to 10 mm in any length is required for the EDER WINCH 400 (PW400); its tensile strength must be at least twice the pulling load in ground pulling. The rope type stated on the type plate must also be observed.

The maximum pulling force may only be reached with the original rope. Available as an accessory: a rope with thimble, Ø 9.5 mm, breaking load 3600 daN, in 50 or 100 m length.

The receiver must operate on the same frequency as the sonde: 33 kHz (32,768 Hz) or 512 Hz. Most professional cable locators can be used to locate the sondes.

With the VESALA CL43 compact locator the antenna is decisive:

• 33 kHz sondes: SA43 rod antenna (effective range up to 10 m) or LA43 proximity antenna (up to 2 m for sondes; for larger sondes and for pinpointing in exposed ducts)
• 512 Hz sondes PL18-05 and PL42-05: SA05 rod antenna (up to 10 m)

Before use, test sonde and receiver together at the intended distance.

Both wheeled levers are rated for a lifting weight of 600 kg; the cover is lifted by pushing the lever down. The following combinations are intended:

• Magnetic lifters CL10 or CL11 (APS80 and APS90), XT4 NANO via the pin in its handle (APS80 and APS90), XT10 and XT11 (APS90)
• Two CL10 in parallel joined by the connection bridge (Ponticello) for heavy covers or minimal magnetic contact (APS80 and APS90)
• Permanent magnets PM400 or PM500 for very heavy covers (APS80 and APS90)
• Set of mechanical hooks (four wing clamps, one hook clamp) and the BT95 crossbar with a slot spacing of 400 to 920 mm for mechanical opening (APS80 and APS90)

The APS80 is a lighter, simplified version of the APS90.

For the SC39 the microduct is inserted about 6 cm into the duct port and secured with the locking screw; the catcher stands on a stable surface or is fixed via its attachment hole.

All three cases determine the moisture of set building materials and other materials directly on site using the calcium carbide method; the measuring range is the same: 0.30 to 7.5 CM-% via the gauge readout and 0.14 to 22.9 CM-% via the conversion table. Common items include a pressure cylinder with lid and Premium gauge, electronic scales and the carrying case P.

• CM-B Standard: basic equipment without digital timer, with 2 vials of test water.
• CM-B Pro: additionally a digital timer for recording the time during the measurement.
• CM-P Pro: additionally a digital timer, a manual pestle for crushing the sample directly in the pressure cylinder, 5 instead of 2 vials of test water and the Hydromette Compact B evo-100 for non-destructive pre-testing of larger areas.

Software updates can only be installed on the camera as part of a service. As an official repair & service centre, we'll gladly take care of this for you. Register your camera directly via our online service registration or contact us at kontakt@semperdeal.com.

An acoustic camera locates sound sources and displays them as an image. It helps industrial users find gas leaks, compressed-air leaks, partial discharge, abnormal mechanical noise and other fault-related acoustic signals.

Yes. Gas escaping under pressure usually produces ultrasound. The acoustic camera picks up this signal and shows the leak location in the image, so the source can be found more quickly.

A conventional ultrasonic leak detector usually provides only a sound level or an audio signal. The acoustic camera uses a microphone array to create an image of the sound source, which makes faults easier to locate and inspection findings easier to document.

Yes. Partial discharge produces audible sound and ultrasound. The acoustic camera makes the location of the discharge visible, for example in substations, in switchgear and on transformers.

• Run time: around 4 to 6 hours depending on use (for example recording and playback, screen brightness and WiFi); up to 7.5 hours view only and up to 5 hours continuous recording. On the P550c the battery only supports pushrod operation.
• Charging: fully charge before first use, only with Pearpoint charging equipment (mains charger or vehicle charging cable); a full charge takes 4 to 6 hours. Charging at 10 to 40 °C and keeping the charge level between about 10 and 90 % are recommended.
• In the vehicle: 60 minutes of charging from the vehicle power socket with the controller switched off restores up to 25 % charge.
• Service life: around two years with typical constant use; the battery must not be replaced by the user, replacement is carried out by Pearpoint technical support.

The RD8200SG is paired directly in the app via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), and this is done twice: in the GPS selection and in the locator selection, each time with the RD8200SG entry. On Android, pairing is done via the settings, the option “NMEA Bluetooth device” and “Device Connections”, on iOS via “Enhanced BT/BLE Connections”; the pole height must be set correctly.

A green Bluetooth icon confirms the connection. The NTRIP connection is then started, a feature class is selected, and each measurement is sent to the app with the Survey Measurement key on the RD8200SG.

A dash means that the meter does not support this measurement: the HB 30 and BL E 2 do not measure air humidity, and the UNI 1 and UNI 2 do not measure wood moisture. The UNI 1 and UNI 2 are intended as a complement to a wood moisture meter. The B 55 BL, OT 100 BL, ET 10 BL and TT 40 BL are connected to the BL E 2 via the AK 2 adapter cable.

• Flexisonde: flexible sonde fitted between pushrod and camera; it helps the system negotiate pipe bends. On the P541/P341 Plumbers reels it is built in.
• Solid sonde: rigid sonde that adds extra stiffness to the camera head; it is intended for long-push inspections. It can be combined with the universal flexi.
• Universal flexi: flexible spring attachment that lets camera and pushrod negotiate sharp bends; it is not required on the Plumbers system.

All three parts are fitted between the rod termination socket and the camera. As the electrical contacts are exposed while doing so, they should only be fitted in a dry, clean environment.

All four models capture sound from 2 to 100 kHz at working distances of 0.3 to 200 m and are designed for locating partial discharge and gas leaks. They differ as follows:

The thermal imaging module of the 270P and 271P measures temperatures from −20 to 550 °C.

Always with the shortest pulse width available, because the fault may be only a short distance away. Use the range (zoom) and gain controls to search the trace; if the fault is not found, switch to the next larger pulse width and test again until it is located. Wider pulses transmit more energy and therefore travel further down the cable, while a higher vertical gain makes smaller reflections visible.

The following safety factors apply to Volta lifting products:

• Wire rope slings: 5 : 1
• Chain slings: 4 : 1
• Lifting accessories such as master links, shackles and hooks: 5 : 1

The working load limit (W.L.L.) is given in daN; 1 daN equals 10 N, i.e. roughly 1 kg.

For covers the magnet cannot grip – for example asphalted or non-metallic covers or covers with latches – mechanical lever functions are available:

• XT1 NANO and XT1 NANO ERGO: the upper handle serves as a hook that engages the slots of the cover.
• XT5: hook lever at the end of the handle for mechanical lifting.
• LB5: the T-handle is used as a lever or lifting hook.
• Cover lifter levers LB2, LB4 and LB8 engage the slots of the cover, the LB7 inserts its flat beaks into the gap between cover and frame; with the LB2 the hook is inserted and turned through 90°, and large covers can be opened with two LB2.
• Set of mechanical hooks with the APS80 or APS90 wheeled levers where a magnetic lifter cannot be used.

For round covers with a cast iron filling frame or with an asphalt, stone or concrete surface and a central metal disc, the CL11 with its curved magnetic base is suitable.

The reels differ mainly in pushrod length and diameter:

The Plumbers reel is the extra-flexible version with a permanently built-in sonde. A 30 m rod suits residential and small commercial plumbing; a 150 m rod suits specialist applications. The reel type in use must be selected on the controller and calibrated with the pushrod fully rewound, otherwise distance readings will be inaccurate.

• Drive the electrode pins in across the grain; GANN wood moisture meters are based on this measuring direction. Parallel to the grain the meter shows readings that are too high, by approx. 2 percentage points at around 20 % wood moisture.
• For the average moisture content, measure at a depth of 1/4 to 1/3 of the wood thickness; the 16 mm and 23 mm pins supplied with the M 20 are intended for wood thicknesses of 30 to 40 mm and 50 to 65 mm respectively.
• Set wood species group 2 or 3 according to the enclosed wood species table.
• The readout applies to a wood temperature of 20 °C: colder wood gives readings that are too low and warmer wood readings that are too high; these are corrected with the correction table in the operating manual.
• Above the fibre saturation point, from approx. 30 % wood moisture, accuracy decreases.

The XRS9012 has 10 sensitivity levels; the highest, extremely sensitive levels help to identify suspect areas faster. However, a decision to excavate should only be made once the leak has been reconfirmed at level 5 or lower. If the signal is too weak, wait until the gas concentration increases or make a few holes for higher signals. Excavate only on signals that can be repeated over and over again.

For the P540c push camera systems there is a flexisonde transmitting at either 512 Hz or 640 Hz; the sonde sits between the pushrod and the camera head. The P354 and P356 crawlers have a built-in sonde whose frequency (512 Hz, 640 Hz, 8 kHz or 33 kHz) is selected on the controller; the detection depth is up to 3 m.

Locating is done with a Radiodetection cable and pipe locator such as the RD7200, set to the frequency of the sonde. The system's distance counter is only an estimate; positions of interest should be pinpointed with sonde and locator, especially before construction work.

Cement screed is darker and coarser, whereas calcium sulphate screed is lighter and finer.

Each anti-twist swivel is assigned a rope diameter and a breaking load. The values given are breaking loads.

The VOP value depends on the cable's dielectric and changes with temperature, age and humidity; even new cable can vary by as much as ±3%. The cable manufacturer can provide the value, or it can be determined on a cable of known length:

1. Measure a cable of known length – the longer the cable, the more accurate the result.
2. Place the cursors on the output pulse and on the reflection from the cable end.
3. Adjust the VOP until the distance between the cursors equals the known length.

To pinpoint a fault accurately, it is advisable to measure from both cable ends to the fault: if the sum of the two distances is greater than the cable length, reduce the VOP; if it is smaller, increase it.

Dust is removed from the housing and connectors with a lint-free cloth; for damp cleaning, use only a slightly damp cloth with the instrument switched off and the charger unplugged. Harsh chemicals and abrasive cleaners can damage the front panel overlay. The instrument and accessories should be inspected regularly for damage, wear and missing parts – after every use if operated in harsh, dusty or wet environments; test leads with damaged insulation or bent or broken clips should be replaced. The instrument contains no user-serviceable parts.

An exact measurement is difficult in multi-layer constructions because the materials used have different bulk densities. Comparative measurements are, however, possible.

The RD8200SG is ready for BLE pairing from firmware 6.1.7 onwards. This is how to check and set it on the device:

• INFO menu: revision (Rev) at least 007, version (Ver) at least 6001; in addition, the PHONE menu must be present.
• PHONE menu: select BLE on Android; on iOS, BLE is the only option and is already selected.
• SMLOG menu: protocol (PROT) set to ASCII 2, communication port (COM) set to ON.
• In addition: SMLOG → PROT → ASCII → GPS+ set to YES and GPS → RTK set to ON.

Older devices should be updated to the latest firmware following Radiodetection's instructions.

Procedure:

1. Establish the location, diameter and length of the pipe, empty the pipe and isolate the section to be tested.
2. Inject the tracer gas at low pressure (0.5 to 1 bar) at one end and release it at the other; measure at the far end to check that the gas has reached the entire length.
3. Wait until the gas from the leak has risen to the surface.
4. Walk the pipe with the XRS9012 and the hand probe extension, stopping approximately every 50 cm to draw a new sample; sound and LED indicators guide you to the leak, typically to within ±1 m.

The method is suitable for distribution and service pipes up to 30 cm in diameter; on pipes in service, filling takes longer and the leak shows at the surface with a delay.

The propagation velocity can be entered either as V/2 (45 to 150 m/µs) or as VOP (30 to 99%). The simplest way is to select the cable type from the cable library, which holds standard and user-defined cable types, and to set a range covering the cable length: the instrument then sets V/2, gain, pulse width and the distance-dependent compensation of cable attenuation automatically. There are 10 memory locations for user-stored propagation values and 30 for standard cable parameters; the instrument can also calculate the propagation velocity automatically.

The following guide values apply per m³ of rinse water, depending on the measured pH value:

These values are for guidance only. The measurement with the enclosed indicator paper is decisive: the neutraliser is added until the pH value of the drinking water is reached (usually 6.8 to 7.8).

Salts normally contained in masonry change the readings only slightly. Visible salt deposits on the surface, however, increase the readings; they should be brushed off as far as possible before measuring.

Three direct connection methods are suitable:

• Bluetooth (Android only)
• network connection via TCP or UDP (Android and iOS)
• for Trimble receivers, the Trimble Mobile Manager app (Android and iOS)

Only if none of these is possible should the operating system's mock location be used; in that case not all receiver data is passed on. The receiver must send data in NMEA format; NTRIP correction data for centimetre-level accuracy is often provided by the receiver manufacturers' apps. The antenna height is entered in the GPS settings of the app, and the Mergin Maps documentation includes a list of devices known to work well.

The cable laying accessories are intended for these locations:

• Straight runs: cable laying rollers for straight-line laying, depending on type for cables up to ø 60 to 260 mm.
• Bends: cable corner rollers, depending on type for cables up to ø 100 to 280 mm.
• Manholes: manhole entry roller bends for cables up to ø 160 mm, cable rollers and cable protection bends for the manhole edge, and cable and rope entry devices for cables up to ø 100 mm.
• Cable conduits: cable guide units with protective rollers.
• Duct entry: entry guides and cable entry devices guide and protect the cable or pulling rope; the versions with clamping device are fixed in the duct.
• Run-off from the drum: cable guiding and run-off roller stands for cables and ducts.

The XRS9012 gives off a pulsating acoustic alarm and the ON lamp blinks red when an error is detected. The lit LEDs indicate the cause:

• LED 1 and LED 4 together: the cable or the probe is most likely not connected.
• LED 1, 2, 3 or 4 alone: the cable or the sensor is most likely broken (LEDs 1 and 2 indicate low or high sensor temperature, LEDs 3 and 4 low or high sensor voltage).
• LED 8: the battery voltage is below 5.0 V and the instrument needs to be charged.

The H21 hand probe is the standard accessory of the XRS9012, with the sensor at the probe tip; it is connected via the C21 probe cable with a length of 3, 6 or 9 m. For MAX mode, which compares the gas concentration at several test points, the H21 is suitable for measurements under manhole covers and the 8612 surface probe for measurements on manhole covers and hard toppings.

SEARCH mode is used to pinpoint the leak: the pitch of the signal rises as you approach the leak and falls as you move away. MAX mode compares the gas concentration at several points, e.g. under manhole covers, and helps to pre-locate leaks after a longer section has been filled with tracer gas. Place the probe and press MAX; the instrument measures for 10 seconds and then shows the reading. For comparable results, the probe must be placed in the same way at every point, and the sensitivity can only be changed in SEARCH mode.

Yes. QGIS supports field mapping with a connected GPS/GNSS receiver via the GPS toolbar: points are created at the current position, lines and polygons from the recorded track.

• A Bluetooth receiver is first paired with the computer and then connected via the COM port assigned to it; on Linux, connecting via gpsd is also possible.
• All incoming positions, including speed, bearing, altitude and accuracy, can be logged to a GeoPackage or SpatiaLite file, and the raw NMEA data to a text file.
• The GPS Information panel shows, among other things, HDOP, VDOP and PDOP as well as the horizontal and vertical accuracy in metres.

The CM method is a mechanical-chemical process whose accuracy depends above all on correct sampling across the entire cross-section, low moisture loss during sample preparation and a tight pressure system.

• Test water (vials of 0.7 ml each) is used to check the tightness of the pressure cylinder and the operability of the gauge.
• The manual pestle crushes the sample directly in the pressure cylinder; this preserves the sample moisture. It is included in the CM-P Pro and also fits the CM-B Pro.
• The units work with a small sample quantity, e.g. 20 or 50 g; the case includes electronic scales up to 500 g with 0.1 g resolution.
• Remove the sticker from each calcium carbide ampoule before measuring; a sticker that has not been removed can influence the measurement result.

Both instruments provide the LONG TIME mode for loose contacts and intermittent faults. In addition, the current waveform can be displayed together with a stored waveform or as the difference between the two.

This depends strongly on the soil type, the surface and the depth of the pipe. Guide values:

Actual times can vary significantly depending on ground and pipe conditions.

The powered drum has a built-in power supply, while the manual drum is supplied via a separate power supply unit (PSU); powered drum and PSU operate on 110 to 240 V, 50 to 60 Hz and 1.2 kVA. The P550c controller battery only supports pushrod operation; pushrod reels are connected directly to the powered drum or the PSU.

• Generators and inverters must provide a sine-wave output; quasi-sine-wave inverters are not recommended.
• With a generator, switch off all loads including the P550c before starting and before stopping it, and only switch them on once the generator is running stably.

• Galvanised steel: the standard material, suitable for all types of installation.
• Stainless steel: for use in the petrochemical industry, the food industry and under water.
• Nylon, Kevlar® or Dyneema®: where non-conductive or antimagnetic grips are required; they are light and in some cases reach high breaking loads.

Steel grips are braided from strands of 7, 19, 49 or 133 individual wires; the strands used depend on the gripping properties, the required breaking load and the intended application.

AUTO SEARCH moves cursor 3 to the largest impedance mismatch on the trace and zooms in on it. If the far end of the cable is disconnected from the cable plant, the largest reflection is the cable end, so the cursor moves to the end. If the cable is still connected, the cursor moves to the largest mismatch along the line.

The following guide values apply per m³ of rinse water, depending on the measured pH value:

These values are for guidance only. The measurement with the enclosed indicator paper is decisive: the neutraliser is added until the pH value of the drinking water is reached (usually 6.8 to 7.8).

The electrodes are connected to the UNI 2, HB 30 or BL E 2 via the MK 8 measuring cable.

Without pre-drilling and contact paste the meter may show considerably too low values in hard building materials. Insulating materials should not be pierced completely, as the underlying building material, which is usually already damp, can otherwise produce a wrong value.

The PW400 has a two-stroke engine (Active) and is run on special fuel; suitable fuels are the petrol mixtures Lubimix, Oest Oecomix 2T, Stihl Motomix and Aspen 2T.

• Before switching to a different type of mixture, run the tank empty until the engine stops.
• Fill the tank (1.1 l) to no more than three quarters and shake the mixture vigorously before each use.
• Before longer storage, run the tank empty.

1. Approximate location: hold the CL43 at about 45°, sweep left and right and move in the direction of the stronger signal (accuracy approx. 1 m).
2. Longitudinal position: hold the unit vertically and find the signal minimum line, which runs across the duct; mark it on the ground.
3. Transverse position: hold the unit horizontally at right angles to the minimum line and move along this line to find the signal maximum – this is where the sonde is.
4. Depth: keep the unit horizontal and at right angles to the minimum line and move it towards the sonde nose until a second minimum appears. Depth = distance between the two minima × 1.4.

If the sonde lies next to an interfering cable, duct or rail, turn the rod antenna parallel to the source of interference and approach the sonde in this position until a signal maximum appears.

For covers blocked by rust, encrustation, ice or long periods of inactivity, the following aids are suitable:

• ES1 (screw extractor): a suitable ITALIFTERS clamp is hooked into the cover slot; turning the screw clockwise creates a strong upward force that breaks the encrustation and raises the cover by the first few millimetres. It replaces hammering.
• MZ120 (sliding hammer): the hardened conical tip is driven between frame and cover and splits deposits; the work is done standing. It also cuts asphalt layers, releases latches and serves as a lever.
• T3 POLYTOOL: three ends for cleaning and scraping the slots, releasing the turn lock and as an insertion key.
• XT4 NANO: central pin in the handle for releasing cast iron covers.

• Anti-twist swivel with compensating joint: it is fitted between the winch rope and the cable pulling grip and compensates the twisting that occurs during pulling. It is also available with a ball joint.
• Rigid rope connector: connects the winch rope with a pulling rope made of synthetic material or galvanised braided rope. It is designed to run over the grooved bullwheels of capstan cable winches.

Each sonde takes one battery (MegaSonde PL42-05: eight cells). The operating times apply at +20 °C; lower temperatures shorten them.

The 10-packs V14007 (BR211), V14027 (BR425) and V14047 (BR535) match these sondes; the operating time under load drops to 2 h (BR211, BR535) or 6 h (BR425) at 0 °C. A sonde starts transmitting as soon as the battery is inserted; it is switched off by removing the battery after use. On MPL6-33, VMS6-33, MPL7-33, MPL9-33 and the PL sondes a flashing LED indicates operation; when it goes out, the battery must be replaced.